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‍Bitcoin and Ethereum dominate headlines, but they represent just one approach to distributed ledger technology. While most projects iterate on blockchain's foundational concepts, Hedera Hashgraph (HBAR) takes a different approach, pursuing an entirely different architectural philosophy.

The result is a network engineered for enterprise-grade performance - processing thousands of transactions per second with deterministic fees and minimal energy consumption. Where many blockchain networks struggle with the scalability trilemma, Hedera's hashgraph consensus mechanism offers a compelling alternative that doesn't sacrifice security for speed.

What distinguishes Hedera in practice is its enterprise adoption trajectory. Major corporations across finance, healthcare, and supply chain management have moved beyond pilot programs to production deployments. This isn't theoretical adoption - it's measurable network activity from organizations with serious compliance and performance requirements.

Hedera has positioned itself as one of the most corporate-friendly distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) available today. But how exactly does it work, and why does it stand apart from the blockchain crowd?

The Basics: What Is Hedera Hashgraph?

Launched in 2018, Hedera Hashgraph is a distributed ledger technology that offers a genuine alternative to blockchain architecture. Instead of organizing transactions into sequential blocks like a digital filing cabinet, Hedera uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure called the hashgraph. Think of it more like a web of interconnected transactions.

This design allows multiple transactions to be processed in parallel rather than waiting in a single-file line. The result? Hedera can handle over 10,000 transactions per second (TPS) with finality in just a few seconds, while Bitcoin manages about 6–8 TPS and Ethereum handles 12–15 TPS.

At its core, Hedera is engineered to tackle three persistent challenges that have plagued distributed ledger technology:

• Transactions settle in seconds, not the minutes or hours you might wait with other networks. This makes it possible to build applications where timing actually counts.
• Scalability without the usual trade-offs, The network can handle thousands of transactions simultaneously without slowing down or getting expensive when things get busy. Most blockchains struggle with this balancing act.
• Energy use that makes sense, unlike networks that consume as much electricity as small countries, Hedera runs efficiently enough that companies don't have to justify massive energy bills to their boards.

How Hedera Works: Gossip and Virtual Voting

Hedera's performance stems from its unique consensus mechanism, which combines two clever innovations that work together like a well-orchestrated dance.

Instead of broadcasting every transaction to the entire network simultaneously (imagine shouting news in a crowded room), nodes "gossip" by randomly sharing information with a few neighbors. Those nodes then pass it along to their neighbors, creating a ripple effect. Over time, the entire network organically learns about every transaction without the communication overhead. That is known as the “gossip-about-gossip protocol”.

Virtual voting is where things get interesting: once all nodes have the same historical record of gossip, they can independently calculate how the network would vote on each transaction. No actual vote messages need to be sent across the network. The outcome is mathematically deterministic based on the gossip history, saving significant time and bandwidth.

Together, these methods achieve asynchronous Byzantine fault tolerance (aBFT), which represents one of the highest levels of security available in distributed systems. This means the network can reach consensus and continue operating even if up to one-third of nodes act maliciously or fail completely.

Governance: The Hedera Council

Perhaps the most controversial, and arguably the most distinctive, aspect of Hedera is its governance model. Instead of leaving critical network decisions to anonymous miners or distributed token holders, Hedera operates under a Governing Council of up to 39 well-known global organizations.

Current members include companies like Google, IBM, Dell, Boeing, Standard Bank, Ubisoft, and other established corporations. Each council member holds an equal vote on network decisions, including software upgrades, fee structures, and treasury management.

The rationale is straightforward: provide stability, accountability, and long-term strategic planning. However, this structure has sparked ongoing debate within the crypto community. Critics argue it reduces decentralization compared to blockchain networks where theoretically anyone can participate in governance, while supporters contend it offers the predictability that many enterprises require for serious adoption.

Key Services of Hedera

Hedera functions as more than just a payment network. The platform offers three core services that developers and enterprises can leverage to build decentralized applications:

Hedera Consensus Service (HCS): Provides secure, immutable logs of events and data. This proves particularly valuable for supply chain tracking, regulatory audits, and maintaining data integrity in heavily regulated industries like healthcare and finance.

Hedera Token Service (HTS): Enables the creation and management of various token types, including stablecoins, NFTs, and tokenized assets. Built-in features like account-level controls and compliance tools make it especially appealing for enterprises that need to meet regulatory requirements.

Hedera Smart Contract Service (HSCS): Supports Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, allowing developers to build DeFi applications, games, and automation tools while benefiting from Hedera's superior speed and substantially lower transaction fees.

Real-World Applications

Hedera's enterprise-focused approach has translated into practical implementations across multiple sectors:

• Finance: Standard Bank leverages Hedera's infrastructure for faster, more transparent cross-border payment processing.
• Supply chain: Companies like Suku and Avery Dennison use Hedera for product traceability and logistics management, providing end-to-end visibility.
• Healthcare: Safe Health Systems employs the network to securely log medical and clinical trial data while maintaining strict patient privacy standards.
• Gaming: Animoca Brands integrates Hedera's technology to create fair and tamper-proof in-game economies and digital asset management.
• Sustainability: Environmental organizations use Hedera's consensus service to track carbon credits and monitor environmental impact data with immutable records.

These implementations highlight Hedera's positioning as an enterprise-focused platform, creating a distinct contrast to networks that primarily serve DeFi protocols or retail trading activities.

Understanding HBAR: The Native Token

Like most distributed ledger technologies, Hedera operates with its own native cryptocurrency: HBAR. The token serves two fundamental purposes within the ecosystem:

• Network fuel: HBAR is required to pay transaction fees and access network services, including consensus operations, tokenization features, and smart contract execution.
• Network security: Node operators stake HBAR tokens to participate in consensus and help secure the network infrastructure.

One of Hedera's most practical advantages lies in its cost structure. A typical transaction costs approximately $0.0001, it’s economical enough to enable microtransactions and machine-to-machine payment scenarios that would be prohibitively expensive on other networks.

The total supply of HBAR is capped at 50 billion tokens. The distribution follows a controlled release schedule designed to avoid sudden market flooding while ensuring adequate liquidity for network operations.

How Hedera Compares to Other Networks

To understand Hedera's market position, it's helpful to consider how it stacks up against established blockchain models:

Proof-of-Work (PoW), exemplified by Bitcoin, is highly secure and battle-tested, but notoriously slow and energy-intensive.

Proof-of-Stake (PoS), used by Ethereum 2.0, is more energy-efficient than PoW, but can lead to wealth concentration among large token holders.

Lastly, Hedera Hashgraph uses gossip protocols and virtual voting to achieve speed, security, and efficiency simultaneously, while operating under corporate governance rather than anonymous network participants.

The trade-off is crystal-clear. Hedera prioritizes corporate trust, performance, and regulatory clarity, while accepting criticism that it may sacrifice some degree of decentralization compared to traditional blockchain networks.

The Challenges Ahead

Despite its technical strengths and enterprise adoption, Hedera faces some hurdles that could impact its long-term trajectory. The Governing Council model continues to raise questions about whether Hedera represents genuine decentralization or simply distributed corporate control, a debate that matters deeply to the broader crypto community's acceptance. Meanwhile, established networks like Solana, Avalanche, and Ethereum maintain their dominance over ecosystem development, making it challenging for Hedera to attract the vibrant developer communities that drive innovation.

The platform also faces an adoption challenge. While it excels in enterprise use cases, Hedera could broaden its appeal beyond corporate applications to achieve the kind of recognition that sustains long-term growth. Moreover, like all cryptocurrency projects, Hedera must navigate evolving regulatory frameworks across multiple jurisdictions, each with their own compliance requirements and restrictions.

Nevertheless, Hedera's focus on performance, enterprise-grade reliability, and regulatory compliance could provide resilience in certain market conditions where other projects would struggle to maintain institutional confidence.

HBAR ETF on the Horizon

Over the past several months, talk of a potential HBAR ETF has gained traction. An ETF would offer institutional and retail investors exposure to HBAR without needing to manage wallets, private keys, or direct custody. That kind of access lowers the entry-level barrier. Moreover, SEC approval of a Hedera ETF would imply a level of oversight, due diligence, and compliance that can help reduce perceived risks among cautious or regulated investors. It puts HBAR closer to the realm of mainstream finance instruments.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently pushed back the decision on the Canary HBAR ETF to November 8. The ETF was proposed by Nasdaq back in February; the SEC has delayed the decision twice already. Despite the most recent delay, however, market analysts remain optimistic. Bloomberg’s analysts, for instance, maintain a 90% likelihood of ETF approval in the near term.

The Future of Hedera

Hedera stands out in a crowded field by taking a completely different approach than most blockchain projects. Instead of following the usual playbook, they built something that actually works for businesses: fast transactions, costs you can predict, and energy usage that won't make your CFO cringe.

The real test isn't whether Hedera can keep doing what it's doing well. It's whether they can stay relevant as the whole distributed ledger world keeps evolving at breakneck speed. But here's the thing: while everyone else was busy trying to be the next Bitcoin, Hedera quietly built something that Fortune 500 companies actually want to use.

Whether that bet pays off long-term is anyone's guess. What's not up for debate is that they've proven there's more than one way to build a distributed ledger, and sometimes the road less traveled leads somewhere pretty interesting.

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Let's Talk About Getting Your Crypto to Work While You Sleep

Remember when your grandparents bragged about their 2% savings account? Those days feel like ancient history now that crypto APY percentages are floating around that would make a traditional banker faint. But hold up, before you start dreaming about retiring next month on those sweet, sweet yields, let's dive into what APY actually means and why some of these numbers look like lottery tickets.

What the Is APY, Anyway?

Think of APY as compound interest on steroids. While your bank's savings account sits there earning dust, APY measures how much your money can actually grow in a year when interest keeps building on top of interest. The faucet of passive income is now open.

Here's a reality check: Park $1,000 in your bank at 5% simple interest, and you'll have a whopping $1,050 after a year. Yawn, boring… But that same money with 5% APY compounded monthly? You're looking at $1,051.16.

"Big deal, that's only a dollar!" you might say. But here's where it gets interesting. Over time, that compounding effect turns into a money snowball rolling down a mountain. The difference between simple interest and compound interest isn't just pennies; it's the difference between walking and taking a rocket ship.

APY vs. APR: The Sibling Rivalry You Need to Understand

Okay, confession time…even seasoned crypto folks mix these up. Here's your cheat sheet:

APY (Annual Percentage Yield): What you earn when you lend out your crypto. The higher, the better for your wallet.

APR (Annual Percentage Rate): What you pay when you borrow crypto. Lower is your friend here.

Think of it this way: APY is the cool cousin who brings you money, while APR is the one who always asks to borrow twenty bucks.

For a more detailed comparison, click here.

Where Does APY Show Up in Crypto?

• Crypto "Savings Accounts"

Some platforms let you deposit your tokens and watch them multiply. It's like putting your crypto to work at a job that actually pays decent wages. Your coins get lent out to traders who need them, and you get a cut of the action.

• Staking: Become a Network Validator

With Proof-of-Stake blockchains like Ethereum or Cardano, you can "stake" your tokens to help secure the network. Think of it as being a digital security guard who gets paid in crypto. The network stays safe, and you earn rewards. Win-win.

• Yield Farming: The Wild West of DeFi

This is where things get interesting, and a bit crazy. You provide liquidity to decentralized exchanges, and in return, you earn trading fees plus shiny new governance tokens. Early yield farmers sometimes see APYs that look like phone numbers, but don't get too excited; those rates have a habit of crashing back to earth.

• Lending Protocols: Become the Bank

Platforms like Aave and Compound let you play banker. You lend your tokens, borrowers pay interest, and you collect the proceeds. APY goes up when everyone wants to borrow your particular flavor of crypto, and down when the demand cools off.

Why Are Crypto APYs So High?

While your bank offers you a measly 0.5%, crypto platforms are throwing around eye-watering numbers like 10%, 50%, or even 1,000%+. Here's why:

Crypto traders will pay premium rates to short a token or execute complex arbitrage strategies. Supply and demand at its finest.

Hype for new projects also plays a role. Fresh projects often throw ridiculous APYs at users to attract liquidity. It's like a grand opening sale, but with more zeros.

Risk gets factored in. Let's be real, crypto can get risky at times. Higher returns compensate for the white-knuckle ride.

Finally, token Incentives can play a role too. Many of those eye-popping APYs come partially from project tokens that could moon... or crater. It's the crypto Russian roulette.

The Math Behind the Magic

Don't worry, we're not about to turn this into a calculus nightmare. The APY formula is actually pretty straightforward:

Example: 10% interest compounded monthly gives you about 10.47% APY. Compound it daily? You're looking at 10.52%. In crypto, some protocols compound every block, which is like compounding every few seconds. Your calculator might start smoking.

The Fine Print

Before you quit your day job and become a full-time yield farmer, let's talk about the risks that nobody likes to mention at crypto parties. First up is volatility. Sure, your APY might be 20%, but if your token's price drops 50%, you're still in the red. Math is cruel like that. Then there's impermanent loss, which sounds harmless but can eat into your gains faster than you can say "automated market maker" when you're providing liquidity and token prices start dancing around.

Don't forget about smart contract risk, either. DeFi protocols are basically computer programs holding billions of dollars, and if they break, funds can disappear into the digital ether without so much as a goodbye note. Platform risk is equally sobering. Remember Celsius? FTX? Sometimes the platforms themselves go belly-up, taking user funds with them like the Titanic.

Last but not least, there’s APY whiplash. That jaw-dropping 100% APY you bookmarked yesterday? It might be 15% today because crypto moves fast. Rates fluctuate based on demand, new competition, token economics, and sometimes just because the crypto gods felt like shaking things up.

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What's a "Good" APY?

• Conservative. Sticking to blue-chip assets and reputable platforms for 3-8% APY. For the faint of heart.
• Moderate. Staking some altcoins or providing liquidity for 10-20% APY. There’s some excitement, but not heart-attack levels.
• High (YOLO). Chasing new DeFi projects for 50-100%+ APY. It’s worth keeping in mind there’s a non-zero chance your tokens might become expensive digital art.

Remember, if an APY looks too good to be true, it's probably attached to risks that would make a hedge fund manager nervous.

Crystal Ball Time: The Future of APY in Crypto

Here's where things get interesting. As crypto grows up, APYs are starting to act less like lottery tickets and more like actual financial products. Big institutions are getting into staking, regulators are paying attention, and the wild west is slowly becoming a proper town with actual roads.

It’s likely crypto will keep offering better yields than traditional finance. It's just that the 10,000% APY days are likely becoming a fond memory.

The Bottom Line

APY in crypto is the same mathematical concept your finance professor taught you, just dressed up in digital clothing and offering significantly better rates. Whether you're staking, lending, or yield farming, understanding APY helps you separate the wheat from the chaff and the legitimate opportunities from dubious schemes.

APY isn't a cheat code to infinite money. It's a tool that, when used wisely, can help your crypto actually work for you instead of just sitting in your wallet looking pretty. But like everything in crypto, it comes with risks that deserve respect and careful consideration.

It’s worth remembering the best APY in the world is worthless if the underlying project disappears into the digital sunset. Choose wisely, diversify smartly, and may your compounds be ever in your favor.

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Why can't a fully compliant, regulated crypto business secure a bank account in 2025?

If you're operating in this space, you already know the answer. You've lived through it. You've submitted the documentation, walked through your AML procedures, and demonstrated your regulatory compliance… only to be rejected. Or worse still, waking up to find your existing account frozen, with no real explanation and no path forward.

This isn't about isolated cases or bad actors being weeded out. It's a pattern of systematic risk aversion that's creating real barriers to growth across the entire sector, and it's throttling one of the most significant financial innovations of our generation.

We're Tap, and we're building the infrastructure that traditional banks refuse to provide.

The Economics Behind the Blockade

Let's examine what's actually driving this exclusion, because it's rarely about the reasons banks cite publicly.

The European Banking Authority has explicitly warned against unwarranted de-risking, noting it causes "severe consequences" and financial exclusion of legitimate customers. Yet the practice continues, driven by two fundamental economic pressures that have nothing to do with your business's actual risk profile.

The compliance cost calculation

Financial crime compliance across EMEA costs organizations approximately $85 billion annually. For traditional banks, the math is simple: serving crypto businesses requires specialized expertise, enhanced monitoring, and ongoing due diligence. As a result, it's cheaper to reject the entire sector than to build the infrastructure needed to serve it properly.

The regulatory capital burden

New EU regulations impose a 1,250% risk weight on unbacked crypto assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. This isn't a compliance requirement; it's a capital penalty that makes crypto exposure commercially unviable for traditional institutions, regardless of the actual risk individual clients present.

In the UK, approximately 90% of crypto firm registration applications have been rejected or withdrawn, often citing inadequate AML controls. Whether those assessments are accurate or not, they've created the perfect justification for blanket rejection policies.

The result? Compliant businesses are being treated the same as bad actors; not because of what they've done, but because of the sector they're in.

The Real Cost of Financial Exclusion

Financial exclusion isn’t just an hiccup; it creates tangible operational barriers that ripple through every part of running a crypto business. 

Firms that have secured MiCA authorization, built robust compliance programs, and met regulatory requirements can find themselves locked out of basic banking services. Essential fiat on-ramps and off-ramps remain inaccessible, slowing payments, limiting growth, and complicating cash flow management.

Individual cases illustrate the problem vividly as well. Accounts are closed because a business receives a payment from a regulated exchange. Others are dropped with vague references to “commercial decisions,” offering no substantive justification. Founders frequently struggle to separate personal and business finances, as both are considered too risky to serve.

The irony is striking. By refusing service to compliant businesses, traditional banks aren’t mitigating risk; they’re amplifying it. Forced to operate through less regulated channels, these legitimate firms face higher operational and compliance risks, slower transactions, and reduced investor confidence. Over time, this slows innovation, and raises the cost of doing business for firms that are legally and technically sound.

Debanking Beyond Europe: U.S. Crypto Firms Face Their Own Challenges

Limited access to banking services isn’t exclusive to Europe. Leading firms in the U.S. crypto industry have faced numerous challenges regarding the banking blockade. Alex Konanykhin, CEO of Unicoin, described repeated account closures by major banks such as Citi, JPMorgan, and Wells Fargo, noting that access was cut off without explanation. Unicoin’s experience echoes a broader sentiment among crypto executives who argue that traditional financial institutions remain wary of digital asset businesses despite recent policy shifts toward a more pro-innovation stance.

Jesse Powell, co-founder of Kraken, has also spoken out about being dropped by long-time banking partners, calling the practice “financial censorship in disguise.” Caitlin Long, founder of Custodia Bank, recounted how her institution was repeatedly denied services. Gemini founders Tyler Winklevoss and Cameron Winklevoss shared similar frustrations.

These experiences reveal a pattern many in the industry interpret as systemic risk aversion. Even in a market as large and mature as the United States, crypto-focused businesses continue to encounter obstacles in maintaining basic financial infrastructure. The issue became especially acute after the collapse of crypto-friendly banks such as Silvergate, Signature, and Moonstone; institutions that once served as key bridges between fiat and digital assets. Their exit left a gap few traditional players have been willing to fill.

Why Tap Exists

The crypto industry has reached an inflection point. Regulatory frameworks like MiCA are providing clarity. Institutional adoption is accelerating. The technology is proven and tested. But the fundamental infrastructure gap remains: access to business banking that actually works for digital asset businesses.

This is precisely why we built Tap for Business. 

We provide business accounts with dedicated EUR and GBP IBANs specifically designed for crypto companies and businesses that interact with digital assets. This isn't a side offering or an experiment, it's our core focus.

Our approach is straightforward

We built our infrastructure for this sector
Rather than retrofitting traditional banking systems to reluctantly accommodate crypto businesses, we designed our compliance, monitoring, and operational frameworks specifically for digital asset flows. This means we can properly assess and serve businesses that others automatically reject.

We price in the actual risk, not the sector
Blanket rejection policies exist because they're cheap and simple. We take a different approach: evaluating each business based on their actual controls, compliance posture, and operational reality. It costs more, but it's the only way to serve this market properly.

We're committed to sector normalization
Every time a legitimate crypto business is forced to operate without proper banking infrastructure, it reinforces outdated stigmas. By providing professional financial services to compliant businesses, we're helping demonstrate what should be obvious: crypto companies can and should be served by the financial system.

It isn't about taking on risks that others won't. It's about properly evaluating risks that others refuse to understand.

Moving Forward

The industry is maturing. Regulatory clarity is emerging. Institutional adoption is accelerating. But you can't put your business on hold while traditional banks slowly catch up to reality.

That's not sustainable in the long run.

As a firm, you shouldn't have to beg for a bank account. You shouldn't have to downplay your crypto operations just to access basic financial services. And you certainly shouldn't have to accept that systematic exclusion with little to no explanation other than “It’s just how things are."

The crypto sector is building the future of finance. Your banking partner should believe in that future too. If you're ready to work with financial infrastructure built for your business, not in spite of it, here we are.

Talk today with one of our experts to understand how we can help your business access the banking infrastructure you need.

Crypto lending might be the hot new product in the cryptocurrency space, but before you dive in be sure to first understand what it entails. The concept grew great traction with the rise of the decentralized finance (DeFi) movement, with platforms offering users high yields for borrowing crypto assets. 

Let’s get started with what crypto lending is, and then explore how the product works. 

What is crypto lending?

Crypto lending is a traditional banking service curated to the crypto world. With the DeFi space remains largely unregulated, many crypto exchanges and other platforms have started offering these services, with added security. 

Crypto lending involves a user lending crypto assets to a platform in return for interest, which allows other users to then borrow said crypto assets, paying interest on the amount borrowed. The platform will then take a small percentage of the interest paid. 

Depending on the platform and other factors, crypto lending platforms may be centralized or decentralized and offer exceptionally high-interest rates, with annual percentage yields (APYs) of 15% or more. With the interest rates being higher than traditional bank accounts, lenders gain access to much greater yields, increasing their returns. 

Another advantage to crypto lending is that users are still exposed to price gains in the market. Meaning that if you deposit your Bitcoin when it's worth $20,000 and the price rises in value to $50,000, you are still able to realize these returns and earn interest for the duration of the loan. 

Note that interest rates might fluctuate with market conditions on some platforms, increasing when the prices increase and decreasing when markets are down.

How does crypto lending work?

Cryptocurrency lending platforms function as middlemen connecting lenders to borrowers. Lenders deposit their digital currency into high-interest lending accounts, and borrowers utilize the lending platform to acquire loans. These systems then lend money utilizing the crypto that investors have provided them.

The platform controls its net interest margins by establishing the interest rates for both lending and borrowing.

Rates on platforms differ from cryptocurrency to cryptocurrency, some platforms might offer higher interest rates to lenders willing to commit to a certain time frame. There is no standard interest rate for cryptocurrencies, as each platform has its own set of rules.

Centralized crypto lending means putting your money in the hands of a corporation or other entity to manage and make the process easier. Accounts are created for borrowers and lenders, and loans may be requested by applicants.

Lenders and borrowers may connect their cryptocurrency wallets to a decentralized crypto lending protocol, ​​which uses smart contracts to automate the lender-borrower relationship. Smart contracts are automated digital agreements that execute once certain criteria is met. 

The advantages of crypto lending

There are several benefits to crypto lending when comparing it to a regular bank account.

Borrowers have access to these financial services without having to pass a credit check, making it more financially inclusive than traditional banking services. They are also exposed to lower interest rates than regular banking loans.

Lenders that give loans in the form of cryptocurrencies can make a lot more money from their crypto assets than savings accounts. It may also be a more adaptable choice to crypto staking, which requires users to lock up their cryptocurrency and submit it to a blockchain security method. Depending on the platform, lending usually gives users access to their funds.

The downside to crypto lending

The agreement with crypto loan companies is generally made on individual terms by institution borrowers. As interest rates vary across platforms and cryptocurrencies, each company is different.

There have been several cases where lending platforms have been hit by severe liquidity crisis, notably Celsius, Voyager Digital, and BlockFi. Glenn Huybrecht, COO of Cake DeFi, said, “Some lending providers have been very generous with low collateral requirements, which then puts them in hot water when one of their customer's defaults.”

Due to the ongoing regulation battles, these crypto services are also not backed by government safety nets, like the traditional banks are. However, some platforms do hold insurance and the necessary regulatory accreditations so be sure to seek one that has all of the above.

Closing thoughts

Crypto lending platforms differ greatly from one another so be sure to check each platform, their interest rates for all the various currencies supported, and if there are any lock-up periods or fees payable. 

You've likely come across the term "token" in your crypto ventures, or heard Bitcoin and Ethereum described as a token, but what does this all mean? In this article, we're breaking down what a token is, and how to distinguish a coin from a token and how it can be used as a tool to store value.

Token Definition

A token, in the cryptocurrency sense of the world, represents a particular asset or utility. It's worth noting in this item that tokens and cryptocurrencies are terms often used interchangeably however they technically differ. Tokens typically fall into one of the following three categories:

Payment tokens

These tokens allow users to purchase goods and services outside of the blockchain, offering an alternative currency. 

Security tokens

Similar to initial public offerings (IPOs) on the stock market, security tokens offer users an ownership stake or entitle the holder to dividends in a blockchain project. 

Utility tokens 

Utility tokens offer users access to a service within a particular ecosystem, similar to loyalty points on a Starbucks card. These points hold value within their own ecosystem but cannot be used outside of that. ‍

Coins vs Tokens

Getting more technical, when exploring coins vs tokens, tokens are categorised as crypto assets that have been built on top of another blockchain while coins are built on their own blockchain. 

Ether, for example, is the native token to the Ethereum blockchain, however, the platform allows developers to create a range of token standards on top of it. Based on this information, all ERC-20 tokens are therefore categorised as tokens as opposed to coins. 

USD Coin (USDC) and Tether (USDT) are therefore tokens as they are built on top of the Ethereum blockchain. While each network is operated by its own leadership, both use Ethereum's blockchain to facilitate all transactions.‍

How Are Tokens Traded?

Much like coins, tokens can be bought, sold and traded on exchanges, or sent directly from one wallet to another. This is facilitated by blockchain technology, in the same way that coins are transferred from one location to another. Unlike coins, which are all fungible in nature, tokens can sometimes be non-fungible, meaning that they are not identical in value and function. 

Tokens are sent using the wallet address of a recipient's blockchain-compatible wallet. The address is often represented by a barcode in the form of a QR code, or through a lengthy alphanumeric code. All transactions take place from the wallet holding the tokens and are sent directly to the wallet of the recipient without the need for a centralized authority like a bank. Tokens can typically be bought on exchanges, often with Visa or Mastercard, or exchanged between users.

How is an NFT Different from Cryptocurrency?

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are all different from each other as they each represent a real-world object, whether a digital piece of artwork or a bottle of fine wine. Bitcoin can be traded for anything around the world, whereas NFTs are unique in nature and while they hold value they cannot be used interchangeably. 

What Are NFTs Used For?

NFTs are used to represent a particular asset, whether it be physical or digital. When minted, these tokens will permanently represent that asset and cannot be changed. For example, one NFT could represent an apartment in London while another could represent a song by Kings of Leon. The possibilities are endless, and the marketplaces are huge.

Users can easily trade NFTs on marketplaces (through a website or mobile app) such as OpenSea or Rarible. Once you own an NFT you are credited with the ownership rights of the asset the NFT represents. Due to the nature of blockchain technology, this is permanently displayed on the network's public ledger for anyone to review. This process ensures that the ownership of an NFT cannot the changed and the information is available for anyone to credit.

Note that several blockchain networks currently support the minting of NFTs, and the holder will need a wallet specific to that blockchain in order to hold the NFT.

Are Tokens Regulated?

When it comes to regulation, countries around the world are currently drawing up legal frameworks to better implement cryptocurrencies into our current financial system. This includes the likes of tokens.

Once cryptocurrencies are regulated by government authorities, they could provide the world with unrealized use cases like being used to manage a prescription at a pharmacy or clinical services or to provide feedback to IT support. While there are plenty of tokens available on the market today, it's likely that this is only the tip of the iceberg in terms of their potential to improve issues faced around the world.

Tether (USDT) consistently ranks among the top cryptocurrencies by market cap and regularly posts the highest daily trading volume in the entire crypto market. It's become an essential tool for traders worldwide.

While critics point to crypto's volatility as a weakness, stablecoins like Tether offer a different value proposition: the speed and accessibility of digital currency with the stability of the US dollar.

What Is Tether (USDT)?

Tether (USDT) is a widely used stablecoin, a type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a fixed value by being pegged to a fiat currency, in this case the United States dollar. Unlike Bitcoin, whose price fluctuates based on supply and market demand, USDT is meant to stay close to $1 USD, providing stability in otherwise volatile markets.

Originally launched in 2014 under the name Realcoin, Tether was rebranded and built to act as a bridge between fiat money and digital assets. It enables traders, exchanges, and users to move value quickly, reliably, and with less exposure to cryptocurrency volatility.

Because of its stability and liquidity, USDT is often used as a “parking spot” in crypto trading, when the market is unstable, investors might convert volatile tokens into USDT to preserve value without leaving the crypto ecosystem entirely.

As of 2025, Tether is consistently ranked among the top 3 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, and its daily trading volume often surpasses that of other major tokens.

In this article, we’ll dig into how USDT works, why people use it, the risks and controversies, and how to buy and use it responsibly.

Who Created Tether?

As mentioned above Tether was initially called Realcoin when it was launched in 2014 and was created by Bitcoin investor Brock Pierce, entrepreneur Reeve Collins and software developer, Craig Sellars. It later changed its name to USTether, eventually settling on USDT. 

All three co-founders have profound experience within the crypto industry, each co-founding and actively involved in several cryptocurrency and blockchain projects.

The business has also created a number of other stablecoins solving the volatility problem across numerous markets, notably a Euro-pegged Tether coin (EURT), a Chinese Yuan-pegged Tether coin (CNHT), and a gold-pegged Tether coin (XAUT).

How Does USDT Work?

Reserve Backing & Peg Mechanism

To maintain its peg (i.e. USDT = 1 USD), Tether claims each USDT in circulation is backed by reserves. These reserves include cash, cash equivalents, repos, commercial paper, U.S. Treasury bills, and other short-term assets.

In recent attestations, Tether reports that about 81.5% of its reserves are in cash and U.S. Treasuries, with smaller portions in other assets.

When demand for USDT increases, Tether issues (mints) new tokens; when demand falls, tokens can be destroyed (burned) to reduce supply. This dynamic supply adjustment helps keep the exchange rate close to 1 USD.

Blockchain Infrastructure & Multi-Chain Support

Tether does not have its own dedicated blockchain. Instead, USDT operates as a token on various blockchains, including Ethereum (ERC-20), TRON (TRC-20), Solana, Algorand, EOS, and more. This multi-chain deployment enhances accessibility and interoperability.

Transactions are handled by the underlying networks: you need to send USDT on the same chain type, or bridges/wrapping mechanisms if moving across chains. Mistakes sending USDT on mismatched chains can lead to permanent loss.

Minting, Burning & Peg Maintenance

Tether monitors supply vs demand. If too many redemptions occur, USDT supply contracts; if demand surges, new tokens are minted. The reserve assets are used to maintain liquidity for redemptions and guarantee that each USDT has backing.

To preserve the peg, Tether also relies on arbitrage: if USDT drifts slightly above $1, there’s an incentive to redeem or sell, and if it dips below, it encourages buyers. Combined with market forces and reserve backing, this helps anchor the price.

Why Do People Use USDT?

• Users often convert volatile crypto into USDT during turbulent markets to protect value without exiting the digital asset ecosystem.
• USDT is accepted in a vast array of exchanges and trading pairs, making it a preferred medium of exchange.
• Because it behaves like USD but lives on the blockchain, USDT can move quickly across borders without traditional banking friction.
• Many decentralized finance platforms use USDT as a base asset for lending, yield farming, and stable lending markets.
• In regions with unstable local currencies, USDT often provides a stable alternative for savings, payments, or transfers.

Is USDT Safe? Risks & Concerns

While USDT offers utility, it also attracts scrutiny and criticism.

Centralization & Counterparty Risk

Tether Limited acts as the central issuer. That means users must trust that the company actually holds sufficient reserves and will honor redemptions. This centralized model contrasts with fully decentralized cryptocurrencies.

Transparency & Reserve Audits

Tether publishes regular attestation reports, but has yet to provide a full independent audit by a Big Four firm in many periods.
In 2025, Tether announced it is in talks with a Big Four accounting firm to pursue a full audit.

Historical controversies include a fine by the New York Attorney General in 2021 over misrepresentation about reserve backing.

Regulatory & Legal Uncertainty

Stablecoins face evolving regulatory environments globally. Some jurisdictions may impose stricter rules, reserve requirements, or classification of USDT as a regulated instrument.

Reserve Composition & Liquidity Risk

Though cash and Treasury bills dominate reported reserves, some portion may be in less liquid assets. In times of mass redemptions, liquidity risk may strain backing.

Price Deviations & Peg Risk

While USDT is generally stable, in extreme market stress, the peg might deviate briefly. Arbitrage, reserve liquidity, and market confidence are key to restoring balance.

How to Buy, Sell & Use USDT

Buying USDT

You can acquire USDT on most major cryptocurrency exchanges (e.g. Binance, Coinbase, Kraken). Many platforms allow purchase via fiat currencies (bank transfer, card) or by trading other crypto for USDT.

In the Tap app, you can buy USDT and have it stored in your wallet, making it easier to manage alongside your other assets.

Storing USDT

Store USDT in wallets that support the relevant chain (ERC-20, TRC-20, etc.). Hardware wallets like Ledger or Trezor support ERC-20 USDT (via Ethereum).

Converting USDT to Fiat

On many exchanges, you can sell USDT for fiat (USD, GBP, EUR) and withdraw to your bank.

Using USDT for Payments or Transfers

Some platforms accept USDT as payment. You can also transfer USDT peer-to-peer across wallets quickly and globally, with network transaction fees (gas) depending on the chain used.

USDT Reserve Composition & Transparency

Tether provides quarterly transparency reports detailing reserve breakdowns, but falls short of full independent audits historically.

As of recent attestations, ~81.5% of reserves are held in cash & U.S. Treasuries, while smaller portions are in other assets.

Tether held over $127 billion in U.S. Treasuries as of Q2 2025.

Reserve composition evolves over time; Tether has reduced reliance on commercial paper and shifted toward safer instruments.

While attestations improve transparency, critics assert a full, external audit would bolster confidence.

USDT vs Other Stablecoins

While USDT remains dominant, several alternatives exist:

• USDC: Known for stricter auditing and regulatory compliance
• DAI: Decentralized, over-collateralized stablecoin
  
  

USDT held around 62–63% of the stablecoin market share as of 2025. It maintains dominance due to liquidity, widespread adoption, and support across exchanges and DeFi. However, users might opt for alternatives for perceived transparency or regulatory comfort.

Investment Considerations

USDT is not designed as a growth asset; its value is meant to remain stable. Its role is more of a utility token: liquidity provider, trading medium, and stability anchor.

That said, you can earn yield on USDT via lending platforms, DeFi protocols, or savings accounts, though returns may be modest and come with risk.

Consider that holding large amounts of USDT long-term yields little upside, and inflation or counterparty risk may erode value.

Always balance USDT exposure within a diversified strategy, rather than viewing it as an investment vehicle.

Conclusion

Tether (USDT) plays a critical role as the most widely used stablecoin in crypto, offering a digital dollar alternative that combines stability with blockchain utility. While its popularity and liquidity make it indispensable in trading and DeFi, it operates under risks tied to transparency, centralization, and regulatory shifts.

If using USDT, treat it as a tool for stability and liquidity, not speculative growth. Used wisely, USDT helps you move between crypto and fiat more fluidly, manage volatility, and access global financial systems with fewer intermediaries.

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