Explore how Proof of Work and Proof of Stake differ, their impact on security, energy use, and blockchain’s future. Learn which consensus mechanism suits your crypto needs.
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There has been an influx of conversation about Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanisms recently. But what do these really mean? In this article, we're fleshing out what they are, how they work, and how they differ from each other.
The shift from traditional PoW systems to more modern PoS alternatives represents one of the most significant developments in crypto history. Understanding these mechanisms isn't just academic curiosity - it directly impacts energy consumption, transaction speeds, security models, and the future sustainability of blockchain networks.
Whether you're considering which cryptocurrencies to invest in or simply want to understand the technology behind your digital assets, grasping these fundamental concepts is fairly important.
What is a consensus mechanism in crypto?
Before we get started, let's first address what a consensus mechanism is.
Whether PoW or PoS, the consensus mechanism is the agreed-upon protocol that the entire network will use to maintain and operate the blockchain. It looks at how transactions are verified, the amount of energy they require and how new coins enter circulation. The consensus mechanism is effectively the protocol that keeps all the computers on the network in check.
Think of a consensus mechanism as the rulebook that all participants in a blockchain network must follow. Without it, there would be no way to prevent double-spending (the digital equivalent of spending the same dollar twice). These mechanisms ensure that all participants agree on the current state of the ledger, maintaining the integrity and security that make cryptocurrencies valuable.
While PoW and PoS are the most prominent consensus mechanisms, others exist, including Proof of Authority (PoA) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS). Each serves specific use cases and comes with unique trade-offs between security, speed, and decentralisation.
What is Proof of Work (PoW)?
Proof of Work might be the most well-known of the two as Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency to come into existence, uses it. Despite what many think, this was not when the consensus mechanism was created. It dates back before crypto's integration into the financial sector, right back to the early 1990s when it was initially used as a means to mitigate email spam.
The system worked in such a way that sending an email required a small amount of work to send one email, and a large amount to send out mass spam emails. Alongside blockchain technology, Satoshi Nakamoto reworked these concepts to create the first digital currency. While the electricity and money implications remained the same, he eradicated the need for human intervention.
The blockchain is made up of blocks containing data pertaining to the network, stored in chronological order. The first block on the blockchain is known as the Genesis block and is hardcoded into its software. Each block after that references the previous block and contains an updated version of the blockchain. Still with me? Let’s dive deeper.
New blocks are added to the network by miners who compete with each other to solve a complex cryptographic puzzle. The first to complete the puzzle gets to execute the transactions and receive the miner's fee (a reward for their time and energy).
The process of miners racing to finish the puzzle is known as hashing, as miners are guessing a string of pseudorandom numbers, known as hashes. Once a miner establishes the winning hash, it is broadcast to the network for all the nodes (network of computers) to verify whether it is correct or not. If it is correct, the block is added to the blockchain, and the miner receives the reward.
The reward is new coins that are then minted and added to circulation. In the case of Bitcoin, freshly minted BTC will be distributed to the miners, with this number reducing each time the blockchain reaches a certain number of blocks. This is called a halving and takes place every 210,000 blocks (which takes place roughly every 4 years). Halvings keep the cryptocurrency deflationary and finite.
Examples of Proof of Work cryptocurrencies
Major PoW cryptocurrencies include Bitcoin, Litecoin, Dogecoin, and Ethereum Classic. These networks have demonstrated remarkable security over the years of operation, with Bitcoin alone processing over $19 trillion in transaction volume in 2024 without a successful attack on its consensus mechanism.
However, this security comes at the cost of significant energy consumption, with Bitcoin's network alone consuming more electricity than some countries.
What is Proof of Stake (PoS)?
Proof of Stake was first introduced to the world through Peercoin in 2012, gaining more traction when Ethereum began implementing PoS in 2020 with the launch of Beacon Chain, and fully transitioned via The Merge in 2022.
Considered a more "energy-efficient" means of operating crypto networks, instead of using energy to race to find the winning hash, PoS focuses on participation in the network by looking at ownership in terms of the coin's total supply. PoS was designed to solve the energy problems that PoW platforms created.
Unlike PoW, which requires specialised mining equipment (ASICs), PoS validation can be done on standard hardware, provided there is stable internet and enough ETH staked.
Instead of a number of miners racing at the same time to solve the same puzzle, the PoS algorithm pseudo-randomly selects a node that will be responsible for verifying the transactions.
This election is based on the number of coins that a particular node holds. Once selected, the node verifies and signs off on the validity of the transactions and proposes the block to the network. Once the network accepts, the block is added to the blockchain in the same chronological order as the PoW consensus.
Nodes are selected by engaging in a process called staking. They are required to stake (lock) their funds on the platform as collateral in order to be selected. In order not to favour the richest of the nodes, the algorithm will typically also favour how long the funds have been staked for and add an element of randomisation.
As there is no competition between the miners to race to solve the puzzle, this process is referred to as minting or forging on the PoS networks. The cost implications are specific to that of the platform.
PoS networks often implement additional mechanisms to ensure fairness and security. Slashing is a penalty system where validators can lose a portion of their staked tokens if they act maliciously or fail to properly validate transactions. This economic incentive structure replaces the computational cost of PoW with financial risk, creating a different but equally effective deterrent against bad actors.
Examples of Proof of Stake cryptocurrencies
Leading PoS cryptocurrencies include Ethereum, Solana, Cardano, Polkadot, and Avalanche. These networks can process thousands of transactions per second while consuming a fraction of the energy required by PoW systems, making them attractive for applications requiring high throughput and environmental sustainability.
Proof of Work vs. Proof of Stake: key differences
Aspect | Proof of Work | Proof of Stake |
---|---|---|
Energy Use | Extremely high - requires massive computational power | Low - minimal electricity needed for validation |
Security Model | Computational cost makes attacks expensive | Economic penalties (slashing) deter malicious behaviour |
Scalability | Limited - Bitcoin processes ~7 TPS | High - can handle thousands of TPS |
Decentralisation | High but concentrated in mining pools | Potentially high but wealth concentration is a concern |
Barrier to Entry | High - requires expensive mining equipment | Lower - requires holding tokens to stake |
Environmental Impact | Significant carbon footprint | Minimal environmental impact |
Economic Incentives | Mining rewards decrease over time (halvings) | Consistent staking rewards based on participation |
The differences extend beyond these technical aspects. PoW networks tend to have more predictable issuance schedules and have proven their resilience over longer periods.
PoS networks also offer more flexibility in governance and can implement upgrades more easily, but they're still relatively new compared to established PoW systems.
Industry experts have varying perspectives on these trade-offs. Fidelity Digital Assets noted that PoW's "proven track record" gives it advantages in terms of demonstrated security, while others argue that PoS represents the natural evolution of blockchain technology toward greater efficiency and sustainability.
Pros and cons of PoW and PoS
Proof of Work: advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
- PoW systems offer unparalleled security through their requirement for massive computational investment, making 51% attacks on networks like Bitcoin practically impossible to execute due to the enormous costs involved.
- These systems have demonstrated remarkable stability over more than a decade of operation, processing trillions of dollars in value with zero successful attacks on their core consensus mechanisms.
- The decentralised nature of mining operations, while concentrated in pools, still maintains a high degree of censorship resistance and network independence.
- PoW has a proven track record that provides confidence to institutional investors and long-term holders seeking maximum security for their assets.
Disadvantages:
- The energy consumption of PoW networks has become their most criticised aspect, with Bitcoin alone consuming more electricity than countries like Argentina.
- Transaction throughput remains severely limited, creating bottlenecks during periods of high demand and resulting in dramatically increased fees for users.
- The environmental impact has led to regulatory scrutiny in various jurisdictions, with some countries banning or restricting PoW mining operations.
- The high barrier to entry for mining has created concerns about centralisation in regions with cheap electricity, potentially concentrating power in specific geographic areas.
Proof of Stake: advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
- PoS systems consume dramatically less energy while maintaining strong security through economic incentives rather than computational waste, reducing environmental impact by over 99%.
- They can process transactions much faster and at lower costs, making them suitable for everyday use and complex applications like DeFi.
- The lower barrier to entry allows more participants to earn rewards through staking, potentially leading to better decentralisation and broader network participation.
- These systems offer more flexibility for implementing upgrades and governance changes, allowing networks to evolve more rapidly in response to user needs.
Disadvantages:
- PoS networks are relatively new and haven't been tested over the same timeframes as PoW systems, creating uncertainty about their long-term security properties under extreme conditions.
- The "rich get richer" dynamic, where larger stakes earn proportionally more rewards, could lead to centralisation over time as wealth concentrates among the largest validators.
- Some critics argue that PoS systems are less censorship-resistant because validators can be more easily identified and potentially coerced by authorities or malicious actors.
- The complexity of slashing mechanisms and validator requirements introduces new types of risks for participants, including the potential for technical errors to result in financial losses.
It’s worth noting that Ethereum's successful transition to PoS through "The Merge" in September 2022 provided significant validation for the PoS model, demonstrating that large, valuable networks can successfully implement this consensus mechanism while maintaining security and functionality.
Why did Ethereum move to Proof of Stake?
Ethereum's transition from PoW to PoS, known as "The Merge," arguably represented one of the most significant technical achievements in crypto history. The upgrade, completed in September 2022, was driven by several critical factors that had been limiting Ethereum's growth and adoption.
The primary motivation was scalability. Ethereum's PoW system could only process about 15 transactions per second, creating severe bottlenecks as the network grew. High gas fees during peak usage periods made the network unsuitable for many applications, particularly those requiring frequent, small-value transactions.
The PoS system laid the groundwork for future upgrades that would dramatically increase transaction throughput.
Environmental concerns were a key factor in the shift, with the move to PoS cutting energy use by over 99%, directly tackling one of crypto’s biggest criticisms.
The economic shift was significant. Under its proof‑of‑work system, Ethereum paid out roughly $5 billion annually to miners via block rewards. After the Merge, those rewards shrank by over 80%, now going to validators who stake ETH—an approach widely seen as more sustainable. At the same time, the protocol burns a major portion of transaction fees under EIP‑1559, making ETH potentially deflationary during high usage.
The successful completion of The Merge sent a powerful signal to the broader crypto industry about the viability of PoS systems. It demonstrated that even large, complex networks with billions of dollars in value could successfully transition to more efficient consensus mechanisms without compromising security or functionality.
Which is more secure: PoW or PoS?
The security debate between PoW and PoS systems involves fundamentally different approaches to protecting blockchain networks. Both have proven effective, but they operate on distinct principles that create unique strengths and vulnerabilities.
Security
PoW security relies on the economic cost of mounting an attack. To successfully attack a PoW network, an adversary would need to control more than 50% of the network's hash rate, requiring massive investments in specialised hardware and electricity.
For Bitcoin, this would cost billions of dollars and require more mining equipment than currently exists. The beauty of this system lies in its simplicity - the security assumptions are straightforward and have been tested over many years.
PoS security operates through economic penalties rather than computational costs. Validators must stake significant amounts of the network's native token as collateral. If they act maliciously or fail to properly validate transactions, they face slashing: the permanent loss of their staked tokens. This economic incentive structure ensures that honest behaviour is more profitable than attempting to attack the network.
Centralisation
Each system faces different types of centralisation risks. PoW networks can become centralised through mining pools and the concentration of mining operations in regions with cheap electricity. PoS networks face the risk of wealth concentration, where large stakeholders could potentially gain disproportionate control over the network.
The "nothing at stake" problem, often cited as a weakness of PoS, has been largely addressed through sophisticated slashing mechanisms and finality rules. Modern PoS implementations include penalties that make it economically irrational to validate conflicting blockchain histories.
Which is better?
Experts remain divided on which system offers superior long-term security. The reality is that both systems can be highly secure when properly implemented, with the choice often depending on other factors like energy efficiency, scalability, and governance requirements.
The future of blockchain consensus mechanisms
The evolution of consensus mechanisms continues beyond the PoW versus PoS debate. While these two models dominate current discussions, innovative alternatives are emerging that could reshape how blockchain networks operate in the future.
Hybrid consensus models are gaining attention, combining elements of different mechanisms to balance security, efficiency, and decentralisation. Some networks use PoW for initial block creation and PoS for finalisation, attempting to capture the benefits of both systems while mitigating their individual weaknesses.
Proof of Authority (PoA) systems have found success in enterprise and consortium blockchains where participants are known and trusted. These systems sacrifice some decentralisation for dramatically improved performance and energy efficiency.
Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) represents another variation, where token holders vote for delegates who validate transactions on their behalf.
Emerging mechanisms like Proof of Space, Proof of Burn, and various forms of Proof of Activity are being explored for specific use cases. These alternatives aim to address particular limitations of existing systems or serve specialised applications.
The trend toward environmental sustainability is likely to continue driving innovation in consensus mechanisms. As regulatory pressure increases and institutional adoption grows, networks that can demonstrate minimal environmental impact while maintaining security will have significant advantages.
However, it's unlikely that PoS will completely replace PoW in the near future. Bitcoin's position as digital gold seems secure, and its PoW consensus mechanism is integral to its value proposition. Instead, we're likely to see continued specialisation, with different consensus mechanisms serving different purposes within the broader crypto ecosystem.
Conclusion
The PoW versus PoS debate isn't about declaring a winner, it's about recognising that each serves different purposes in the evolving crypto landscape. Many in the industry consider Bitcoin’s PoW to be a benchmark for security and decentralisation, while PoS networks are becoming the preferred choice for apps requiring speed, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
Ethereum's successful transition to PoS proved that established networks can evolve without sacrificing security, validating PoS as a mature alternative. As the space develops, expect to see continued specialisation rather than replacement, with different consensus mechanisms optimised for specific use cases.
For investors and enthusiasts, understanding these mechanisms is essential for evaluating projects and predicting where the technology is headed. The consensus mechanism innovation continues to be one of blockchain's most dynamic frontiers.
NEWS AND UPDATES

What's driving the crypto market this week? Get fast, clear updates on the top coins, market trends, and regulation news.
Welcome to Tap’s weekly crypto market recap.
Here are the biggest stories from last week (24 - 30 June).
🎉 Tap officially Lists on AIM, London Stock Exchange
Tap Global Group Plc (AIM: TAP) has officially listed on the AIM market of the London Stock Exchange. For Tap, moving from AQSE to AIM means more exposure, easier trading of its shares, and better access to larger, professional investors.
📈 Crypto market in a nutshell
What you need to know:
- Bitcoin surged past $108,000 this week amid easing geopolitical tensions, a weaker U.S. dollar, and renewed institutional inflows.
- The total crypto market cap hit $3.31 trillion, nearing a volatility threshold that has historically triggered sharp movements.
- The Fear and Greed Index rose to 74, indicating high optimism just shy of the “extreme greed” zone.
- Despite bullish momentum, caution lingers as Bit Digital announced a major shift from Bitcoin to Ethereum staking, highlighting reduced BTC mining profitability and raising concerns of miner-driven sell pressure.
💰 Billions poured into Bitcoin ETFs
According to CoinShares’ crypto-ETF hub, over $1 billion in net inflows into Bitcoin and $129 million into Ethereum were recorded this week.
💅 Metaplanet surpasses Tesla’s BTC holdings
On 23 June, Metaplanet added 1,111 BTC to their inventory, bringing their total holdings to 11,111. On 26 June, the Japanese tech firm bought another 1,234 BTC, increasing their stash to 12,345 BTC (got to honour their commitment to the numbers).
Following in the footsteps of Strategy (who currently owns 592,345 BTC), they aim to hold 100,000 BTC by 2026.
🇨🇦 Canada approves first spot XRP ETF
Canada approved the first-ever spot XRP exchange-traded fund (ETF) in North America. Officially listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (with no management fees for the first six months FYI), this move comes as Ripple and the SEC seek to pause their ongoing legal battle in the US.
🛄 SOL Strategies launches Strategic Ecosystem Reserve
SOL Strategies introduced a Strategic Ecosystem Reserve, starting with 52,181 Jito (JTO) tokens, to support projects within the Solana ecosystem. This move aims to strengthen the Solana network and foster growth among its key projects
🤠 Texas Launches First-Ever Public Bitcoin Fund
Texas became the first U.S. state to establish a public Bitcoin reserve, following the passage of Senate Bill 21. The Texas Strategic Bitcoin Reserve will be managed by the state comptroller and advised by a crypto team, marking a significant milestone in institutional adoption of Bitcoin.
Stay tuned for next week’s instalment, delivered on Monday mornings.

Explore why Bitcoin and the crypto market are worth $2.1 trillion and why skepticism still lingers among Americans in this deep dive.
Decoding the disconnect: America's cautious approach to crypto
Bitcoin and the broader crypto market have soared to a staggering $2.1 trillion in value, but why does skepticism still linger among so many Americans?
Despite increasing adoption, digital currencies remain shrouded in doubt, revealing a significant trust gap that continues to challenge the industry. As cryptocurrencies become more woven into everyday financial transactions, closing this trust deficit is essential for ensuring sustained growth and mainstream acceptance.
In this article, we'll dive into the key reasons behind this persistent mistrust, uncover the expanding real-world uses of digital assets, and explore how education and technological advancements can help bridge the confidence gap. Keep in mind, the data presented draws from multiple studies, so some figures and age groupings may vary slightly.
A Look at the Current State of Crypto Trust
To truly understand cryptocurrency adoption and the accompanying trust issues, it’s essential to examine the latest statistics and demographic data. This section breaks down public sentiment toward crypto and provides a snapshot of its user base.
General Public Sentiment
Percentage of Americans Who Own Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency adoption has seen slow but steady growth over the years. According to surveys conducted by Pew Research Center in 2021 and 2023, 17% of Americans have invested in, traded, or used cryptocurrency, up slightly from 16% in 2021.
While estimates vary, Security.org places this figure higher, estimating that roughly 40% of the U.S. population - around 93 million adults - own some form of cryptocurrency.
Both studies agree that younger generations are driving much of this growth, with 30% of Americans aged 18-29 reporting they have experience with crypto.
Trust Levels in Cryptocurrency
Despite rising adoption rates, trust in cryptocurrency remains a significant hurdle. Pew Research Center found that 75% of Americans have little or no confidence that cryptocurrency exchanges can safeguard their funds. Similarly, a recent report by Morning Consult shows that 7 in 10 consumers familiar with crypto express low or no trust in it.
This contrasts the 31% who have some or high trust, or the 24% in the Pew study who are “somewhat” to “extremely” confident in cryptocurrencies.
Demographics of Crypto Adopters
- Age Groups
Cryptocurrency adoption trends reveal a distinct generational divide. According to the 2023 Morning Consult survey, Gen Z adults (ages 18-25) lead in crypto ownership at 36%, closely followed by Millennials at 30%.
These younger groups are also more inclined toward future investments, with 39% of Gen Z and 45% of Millennials planning to invest in crypto in the coming years. Over half of both generations view cryptocurrency and blockchain as the future, while a notable percentage (27% of Gen Z and 21% of Millennials) considered opening an account with a crypto exchange in the past year.
When compared to other asset classes, data from Bankrate’s 2021 survey reveals that younger Millennials (ages 25-31) favor real estate and stock market investments, while Baby Boomers have the least interest in cryptocurrency. Older Millennials (32-40) lean toward cash investments, with cryptocurrency’s appeal steadily declining with age.
Interestingly, the report also highlights gender differences, showing that 80% of women familiar with crypto express low confidence, compared to 71% of men, indicating a broader trust gap among female users.
- Income Levels
Contrary to common assumptions, cryptocurrency adoption is not confined to high-income individuals. The same Pew Research Center survey revealed that crypto ownership is relatively evenly spread across income brackets:
- 13% of those earning less than $56,600 annually own crypto.
- 19% of those earning between $56,600 and $169,800 own crypto.
- 22% of those earning over $169,800 own crypto.
This data suggests that while higher earners may be more inclined to own cryptocurrency, the appeal of digital assets spans various income levels.
- Educational Background
Education also plays a role in crypto adoption. A 2022 report by Triple-A found that the majority of crypto owners are “highly educated”:
- 24% of crypto owners have graduated from middle or high school.
- 10% have some vocational or college education.
- 39% are college graduates.
- 27% hold postgraduate degrees.
This shows that while those with some college education or a degree are more likely to own crypto, it is not exclusively a pursuit of the highly educated.
This demographic data paints a picture of cryptocurrency adopters as predominantly younger, spread across a range of income levels, and with diverse educational backgrounds. However, the trust gap between crypto and traditional financial systems remains a significant barrier to wider acceptance of digital assets.
Key Trust Barriers
To bridge the gap between cryptocurrency adoption and trust, it’s crucial to understand the major concerns fueling skepticism. This section explores these concerns and contrasts them with similar risks in traditional financial systems.
The Primary Concerns of Skeptics
Volatility
One of the most significant barriers to cryptocurrency adoption is its notorious volatility, particularly for investors seeking stable, long-term assets. Bitcoin, the most well-known cryptocurrency, symbolizes this risk.
In 2022, Bitcoin’s volatility was stark. Its 30-day volatility reached 64.02% in June, driven by broader economic uncertainty and market downturns, compared to the S&P 500’s much lower volatility of 4.71% during the same period.
Over the course of the year, Bitcoin’s price swung from a peak of $47,835 to a low of $18,490, marking a substantial 61% decline from its highest point in 2022. Factors such as rising interest rates, geopolitical tensions, and major crypto market disruptions, like the TerraUSD collapse and Celsius’ liquidity crisis, played a pivotal role.
This extreme volatility reinforces the perception of cryptocurrencies as high-risk investments.
However, traditional stock markets, while typically more stable than crypto, can also experience sharp fluctuations, especially in times of economic stress. For instance, the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), which measures expected near-term volatility in the U.S. stock market, dropped by 23% to 28.71 on June 30, 2022, far below the 82.69 peak recorded during the early COVID-19 market turbulence in March 2020. This shows that even stock markets, generally seen as safer, can experience moments of intense volatility, particularly during global crises.
Additionally, when compared to the "Magnificent Seven" (a group of top-performing and influential stocks) Bitcoin’s volatility doesn't stand out as unusual. In fact, over the past two years, Bitcoin has shown less volatility than Netflix (NFLX) stock.
On a 90-day timeframe, NFLX had an average realized volatility of 53%, while Bitcoin’s was slightly lower at 46%. The reality is that among all S&P 500 companies, Bitcoin has demonstrated lower annualized historical volatility than 33 of the 503 constituents.
In October 2023, Bitcoin was actually less volatile than 92 stocks in the S&P 500, based on 90-day realized historical volatility figures, including some large-cap and mega-cap companies.
Security
Security concerns are another major hurdle in building trust with cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets have been targeted by numerous high-profile hacks and frauds, raising doubts about the safety of digital assets. It comes as no surprise that a study from Morning Consult found that 67% of Americans believe having a secure and trustworthy platform is essential to entering the crypto market.
While security threats in the crypto space are well-documented, traditional banking systems are not immune to fraud either. Federal Trade Commission data reveals that consumer fraud losses in the traditional financial sector hit a record high of $10 billion in 2023, marking a 14% increase from the previous year.
Although traditional banks have more safeguards in place to protect consumers, they remain vulnerable to attacks, showing that security is a universal challenge across both crypto and traditional finance.
Prevention remains key, which in this case equates to using only reliable platforms or hardwallets.
Regulatory Uncertainty
Regulatory ambiguity continues to be a critical barrier for both cryptocurrency investors and businesses. The evolving landscape creates uncertainty about the future of digital assets.
Currently, cryptocurrency is legal in 119 countries and four British Overseas Territories, covering more than half of the world’s nations. Notably, 64.7% of these countries are emerging and developing economies, primarily in Asia and Africa.
However, only 62 of these 119 countries (52.1%) have comprehensive regulations in place. This represents significant growth from 2018, when only 33 jurisdictions had formal regulations, showing a 53.2% increase, but still falls short in creating a sense of “unified safety”.
In the United States, regulatory views remain fragmented. Various agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), have conflicting perspectives on how to classify and regulate cryptocurrencies. Since 2019, the SEC has filed over 116 crypto-related lawsuits, adding to the regulatory uncertainty faced by the industry.
The Growing Integration Of Digital Assets In Daily Life
As we progress further into the digital age, cryptocurrencies and digital assets are increasingly becoming part of our everyday financial transactions. This shift is driven by two key developments: the rise of crypto payment options and the growing adoption of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs).
According to a MatrixPort report, global cryptocurrency adoption has now reached 7.51% of the population, underscoring the expanding influence of digital currencies worldwide. By 2025, this rate is expected to surpass 8%, signaling a potential shift from niche usage to mainstream acceptance.
The list of major retailers embracing cryptocurrency as a payment method continues to grow. Some notable companies now accepting crypto include:
- Microsoft: Accepts Bitcoin for Xbox store credits.
- AT&T: The first major U.S. mobile carrier to accept crypto payments.
- Whole Foods: Accepts Bitcoin via the Spedn app.
- Overstock: One of the first major retailers to accept Bitcoin.
- Starbucks: Allows customers to load their Starbucks cards with Bitcoin through the Bakkt app.
A 2022 Deloitte survey revealed that nearly 75% of retailers plan to accept either cryptocurrency or stablecoin payments within the next two years. This trend highlights the growing mainstream acceptance of digital assets as a legitimate payment method.
Crypto-backed debit cards are further bridging the gap between digital assets and everyday transactions. These cards enable users to spend their cryptocurrency at any merchant that accepts traditional debit cards.
According to Factual Market Research, the global crypto card market is projected to reach $9.5 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 31.6% from 2021 to 2030. This growth reflects the increasing popularity of crypto-backed debit cards as a way for consumers to integrate their digital assets into daily spending.
The Rise of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)
Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) represent digital versions of a country’s fiat currency, issued and regulated by the national monetary authority. In 2024, the global progress of CBDCs has seen a significant uptick, with marked advances in both research and adoption. As of this year:
- 11 countries have fully launched CBDCs, including the Bahamas, Nigeria, Jamaica, and China.
- 44 countries are conducting pilot programs, up from 36, reflecting growing interest in testing the functionality and stability of digital currencies.
- 66 nations are at advanced stages of CBDC development, contributing to a global landscape where 134 countries (accounting for 98% of the world’s economy) are engaged in CBDC projects.
In the United States, the Federal Reserve is exploring the feasibility of a CBDC through Project Hamilton, a collaborative research initiative with MIT. This exploration aligns with broader goals to reduce reliance on cash, enhance financial inclusion, and improve control over national monetary systems amid the rise of digital payments and cryptocurrencies.
The introduction of CBDCs could significantly reshape daily financial transactions in several ways:
- Increased financial inclusion: CBDCs could offer digital payment access to the 1.4 billion adults who remain unbanked, according to World Bank estimates.
- Faster and cheaper transactions: CBDCs could streamline both domestic and cross-border payments, reducing costs and settlement times.
- Enhanced monetary policy: Central banks would gain more direct control over money supply and circulation.
- Improved traceability: CBDCs could help combat financial crimes and reduce tax evasion by providing greater transaction transparency.
However, challenges persist, including concerns about privacy, cybersecurity risks, and the potential disruption of existing banking systems.
As digital assets continue to integrate into everyday life, they hold the potential to transform how we think about and use money. Despite these challenges, trends in both private cryptocurrency adoption and CBDC development point to a future where digital assets play a central role in our financial systems.
Building Trust Through Technology and Education
According to the 2023 Web3 UI/UX Report, nearly 48% of users cite security concerns and asset protection as the primary barriers to crypto adoption. Other challenges include high transaction fees and the steep learning curve needed to fully grasp both the technology and its benefits.
Despite these obstacles, the blockchain sector has made significant strides as it matures, particularly in enhancing security. Hack-related losses in the crypto market dropped from $3.7 billion in 2022 to $1.8 billion in 2023, underscoring the progress in safeguarding digital assets.
The increased adoption of offline hardware wallets and multi-signature wallets, both of which add critical layers of security, reflects this momentum. Advances in smart contract auditing tools and stronger compliance standards are also minimizing risks, creating a safer environment for both users and institutions.
These improvements highlight the industry’s commitment to establishing a more secure foundation for digital transactions and bolstering confidence in blockchain as a reliable financial technology.
In another positive development, in May 2023, the European Council approved the first comprehensive legal framework for the cryptocurrency industry. This legislation sets a new standard for regulatory transparency and oversight, further reinforcing trust.
Financial Literacy Initiatives
The rise of crypto education in the U.S. is playing a pivotal role in increasing public understanding and encouraging adoption. Programs such as Coinbase Earn aim to simplify the onboarding process for new users, directly addressing the complexity and security concerns that often deter people from engaging with crypto.
According to recent data, 43% of respondents feel that insufficient knowledge is a key reason they avoid the sector, highlighting the ongoing need for crypto-related learning.
Additionally, Chainalysis' 2024 Global Crypto Adoption Index noted a significant increase in crypto interest following the launch of spot Bitcoin ETFs in the U.S. earlier in the year. This development enabled investors to trade ETF shares tied to Bitcoin directly on stock exchanges, making it easier to enter the market without needing extensive technical expertise - thus driving a surge in adoption.
These advancements in security and education are gradually fostering greater trust in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. As the sector continues to evolve, these efforts may pave the way for broader adoption and deeper integration of digital assets into daily financial life.
The Future of Digital Asset Adoption
As digital assets continue to evolve and capture mainstream attention, their potential to transform the financial landscape is becoming increasingly evident. From late 2023 through early 2024, global crypto transaction volumes surged, surpassing the peaks of the 2021 bull market (as illustrated below).
Interestingly, much of this growth in adoption was driven by lower-middle income countries, highlighting the global reach of digital assets.
Below, we explore projections for cryptocurrency usage and its potential impact on traditional banking and finance.
Projections for Crypto Usage in the Next 5-10 Years
Several studies and reports offer insights into the expected growth of cryptocurrency over the next decade:
Global Adoption
The global cryptocurrency market revenue is projected to reach approximately $56.7 billion in 2024, with the United States leading the charge, expected to generate around $9.8 billion in revenue. Statista predicts the number of global crypto users will hit 861 million by 2025, marking a significant shift toward mainstream use.
Institutional Adoption
The 2023 Institutional Investor Digital Assets Study found that 65% of the 1,042 institutional investors surveyed plan to buy or invest in digital assets in the future.
As of 2024, digital currency usage among U.S. organisations is expanding, particularly in sectors such as finance, retail, and technology. Hundreds of financial services and fintech firms are now involved in digital assets, whether in payment processing, investments, or blockchain-based applications. This includes major companies utilising cryptocurrencies as stored value and exploring stablecoin use cases to enhance transaction efficiency.
Notably, major U.S. companies are increasingly engaging with blockchain and digital assets, as regulatory clarity improves and security concerns are addressed.
Retail Adoption
At present, about 85% of major retailers generating over $1 billion in annual online sales accept cryptocurrency payments. In contrast, 23% of mid-sized retailers, with online sales between $250 million and $1 billion, currently accept crypto payments. This growing trend points to an expanding role for digital assets in retail, especially among large-scale businesses.
Potential Impact on Traditional Banking and Finance
The rise of digital asset utilisation is poised to reshape traditional banking systems in multiple areas. For starters, the growth of blockchain technology and digitised financial services is driving the decentralised finance (DeFi) market, which is projected to reach $450 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 46%.
In Q3 2024 alone, trading on decentralised exchanges surpassed $100 billion, marking the third consecutive month of growth in trading volume. This trend underscores the increasing interest and activity in the decentralised finance space.
As Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are likely to be adopted by 80% of central banks by 2030, the role of commercial banks in money distribution could diminish significantly. Meanwhile, blockchain technology and stablecoins are expected to revolutionise cross-border B2B payments, with 20% of these transactions powered by blockchain by 2025. Stablecoin payment volumes are projected to hit $620 billion by 2026.
Furthermore, the investment landscape is set to evolve as asset tokenisation scales, potentially reaching a value of $16 trillion, making crypto a standard component in investment portfolios.
With regulatory clarity expected to improve - more than half of financial institutions anticipate clearer rules within the next three years - crypto integration is likely to become more widespread. These developments emphasise the transformative potential of digital assets across payments, investments, and financial structures globally.
Bridging the trust gap in crypto adoption
The cryptocurrency landscape is experiencing a surge in institutional interest, which could be a pivotal moment for integrating digital assets into traditional finance. Financial giants like BlackRock are at the forefront of this movement, signaling a shift in mainstream perception and adoption of cryptocurrencies.
Historically, the introduction of new investment vehicles around Bitcoin has spurred market growth. As Markus Thielen, founder of 10x Research, highlights, the launch of spot ETFs could bring about a new wave of institutional involvement, potentially driving the next phase of market expansion.
This growing institutional momentum, combined with evolving regulatory frameworks, is reshaping the crypto ecosystem. However, a key question remains: Will these developments be enough to close the trust gap and push cryptocurrencies into mainstream adoption?
As we stand at this crossroads, the future of digital assets hangs in the balance. The coming years will be critical in determining whether cryptocurrencies can overcome persistent skepticism and fully integrate into the global financial system, or if they will remain a niche, yet impactful, financial instrument.

Millennials and Gen Z are revolutionizing the financial landscape, leveraging cryptocurrencies to challenge traditional systems and redefine money itself. Curious about how this shift affects your financial future? Let's uncover the powerful changes they’re driving!
The financial world is undergoing a significant transformation, largely driven by Millennials and Gen Z. These digital-native generations are embracing cryptocurrencies at an unprecedented rate, challenging traditional financial systems and catalysing a shift toward new forms of digital finance, redefining how we perceive and interact with money.
This movement is not just a fleeting trend but a fundamental change that is redefining how we perceive and interact with money.
Digital Natives Leading the Way
Growing up in the digital age, Millennials (born 1981-1996) and Gen Z (born 1997-2012) are inherently comfortable with technology. This familiarity extends to their financial behaviours, with a noticeable inclination toward adopting innovative solutions like cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology.
According to the Grayscale Investments and Harris Poll Report which studied Americans, 44% agree that “crypto and blockchain technology are the future of finance.” Looking more closely at the demographics, Millenials and Gen Z’s expressed the highest levels of enthusiasm, underscoring the pivotal role younger generations play in driving cryptocurrency adoption.
Desire for Financial Empowerment and Inclusion
Economic challenges such as the 2008 financial crisis and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have shaped these generations' perspectives on traditional finance. There's a growing scepticism toward conventional financial institutions and a desire for greater control over personal finances.
The Grayscale-Harris Poll found that 23% of those surveyed believe that cryptocurrencies are a long-term investment, up from 19% the previous year. The report also found that 41% of participants are currently paying more attention to Bitcoin and other crypto assets because of geopolitical tensions, inflation, and a weakening US dollar (up from 34%).
This sentiment fuels engagement with cryptocurrencies as viable investment assets and tools for financial empowerment.
Influence on Market Dynamics
The collective financial influence of Millennials and Gen Z is significant. Their active participation in cryptocurrency markets contributes to increased liquidity and shapes market trends. Social media platforms like Reddit, Twitter, and TikTok have become pivotal in disseminating information and investment strategies among these generations.
The rise of cryptocurrencies like Dogecoin and Shiba Inu demonstrates how younger investors leverage online communities to impact financial markets2. This phenomenon shows their ability to mobilise and drive market movements, challenging traditional investment paradigms.
Embracing Innovation and Technological Advancement
Cryptocurrencies represent more than just investment opportunities; they embody technological innovation that resonates with Millennials and Gen Z. Blockchain technology and digital assets are areas where these generations are not only users but also contributors.
A 2021 survey by Pew Research Center indicated that 31% of Americans aged 18-29 have invested in, traded, or used cryptocurrency, compared to just 8% of those aged 50-64. This significant disparity highlights the generational embrace of digital assets and the technologies underpinning them.
Impact on Traditional Financial Institutions
The shift toward cryptocurrencies is prompting traditional financial institutions to adapt. Banks, investment firms, and payment platforms are increasingly integrating crypto services to meet the evolving demands of younger clients.
Companies like PayPal and Square have expanded their cryptocurrency offerings, allowing users to buy, hold, and sell cryptocurrencies directly from their platforms. These developments signify the financial industry's recognition of the growing importance of cryptocurrencies.
Challenges and Considerations
While enthusiasm is high, challenges such as regulatory uncertainties, security concerns, and market volatility remain. However, Millennials and Gen Z appear willing to navigate these risks, drawn by the potential rewards and alignment with their values of innovation and financial autonomy.
In summary
Millennials and Gen Z are redefining the financial landscape, with their embrace of cryptocurrencies serving as a catalyst for broader change. This isn't just about alternative investments; it's a shift in how younger generations view financial systems and their place within them. Their drive for autonomy, transparency, and technological integration is pushing traditional institutions to innovate rapidly.
This generational influence extends beyond personal finance, potentially reshaping global economic structures. For industry players, from established banks to fintech startups, adapting to these changing preferences isn't just advantageous—it's essential for long-term viability.
As cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology mature, we're likely to see further transformations in how society interacts with money. Those who can navigate this evolving landscape, balancing innovation with stability, will be well-positioned for the future of finance. It's a complex shift, but one that offers exciting possibilities for a more inclusive and technologically advanced financial ecosystem. The financial world is changing, and it's the young guns who are calling the shots.

You might have heard of the "Travel Rule" before, but do you know what it actually mean? Let us dive into it for you.
What is the "Travel Rule"?
You might have heard of the "Travel Rule" before, but do you know what it actually mean? Well, let me break it down for you. The Travel Rule, also known as FATF Recommendation 16, is a set of measures aimed at combating money laundering and terrorism financing through financial transactions.
So, why is it called the Travel Rule? It's because the personal data of the transacting parties "travels" with the transfers, making it easier for authorities to monitor and regulate these transactions. See, now it all makes sense!
The Travel Rule applies to financial institutions engaged in virtual asset transfers and crypto companies, collectively referred to as virtual asset service providers (VASPs). These VASPs have to obtain and share "required and accurate originator information and required beneficiary information" with counterparty VASPs or financial institutions during or before the transaction.
To make things more practical, the FATF recommends that countries adopt a de minimis threshold of 1,000 USD/EUR for virtual asset transfers. This means that transactions below this threshold would have fewer requirements compared to those exceeding it.
For transfers of Virtual Assets falling below the de minimis threshold, Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) are required to gather:
- The identities of the sender (originator) and receiver (beneficiary).
- Either the wallet address associated with each transaction involving Virtual Assets (VAs) or a unique reference number assigned to the transaction.
- Verification of this gathered data is not obligatory, unless any suspicious circumstances concerning money laundering or terrorism financing arise. In such instances, it becomes essential to verify customer information.
Conversely, for transfers surpassing the de minimis threshold, VASPs are obligated to collect more extensive particulars, encompassing:
- Full name of the sender (originator).
- The account number employed by the sender (originator) for processing the transaction, such as a wallet address.
- The physical (geographical) address of the sender (originator), national identity number, a customer identification number that uniquely distinguishes the sender to the ordering institution, or details like date and place of birth.
- Name of the receiver (beneficiary).
- Account number of the receiver (beneficiary) utilized for transaction processing, similar to a wallet address.
By following these guidelines, virtual asset service providers can contribute to a safer and more transparent virtual asset ecosystem while complying with international regulations on anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism. It's all about ensuring the integrity of financial transactions and safeguarding against illicit activities.
Implementation of the Travel Rule in the United Kingdom
A notable shift is anticipated in the United Kingdom's oversight of the virtual asset sector, commencing September 1, 2023.
This seminal development comes in the form of the Travel Rule, which falls under Part 7A of the Money Laundering Regulations 2017. Designed to combat money laundering and terrorist financing within the virtual asset industry, this new regulation expands the information-sharing requirements for wire transfers to encompass virtual asset transfers.
The HM Treasury of the UK has meticulously customized the provisions of the revised Wire Transfer Regulations to cater to the unique demands of the virtual asset sector. This underscores the government's unwavering commitment to fostering a secure and transparent financial ecosystem. Concurrently, it signals their resolve to enable the virtual asset industry to flourish.
The Travel Rule itself originates from the updated version of the Financial Action Task Force's recommendation on information-sharing requirements for wire transfers. By extending these recommendations to cover virtual asset transfers, the UK aspires to significantly mitigate the risk of illicit activities within the sector.
Undoubtedly, the Travel Rule heralds a landmark stride forward in regulating the virtual asset industry in the UK. By extending the ambit of information-sharing requirements and fortifying oversight over virtual asset firms
Implementation of the Travel Rule in the European Union
Prepare yourself, as a new regulation called the Travel Rule is set to be introduced in the world of virtual assets within the European Union. Effective from December 30, 2024, this rule will take effect precisely 18 months after the initial enforcement of the Transfer of Funds Regulation.
Let's delve into the details of the Travel Rule. When it comes to information requirements, there will be no distinction made between cross-border transfers and transfers within the EU. The revised Transfer of Funds regulation recognizes all virtual asset transfers as cross-border, acknowledging the borderless nature and global reach of such transactions and services.
Now, let's discuss compliance obligations. To ensure adherence to these regulations, European Crypto Asset Service Providers (CASPs) must comply with certain measures. For transactions exceeding 1,000 EUR with self-hosted wallets, CASPs are obligated to collect crucial originator and beneficiary information. Additionally, CASPs are required to fulfill additional wallet verification obligations.
The implementation of these measures within the European Union aims to enhance transparency and mitigate potential risks associated with virtual asset transfers. For individuals involved in this domain, it is of utmost importance to stay informed and adhere to these new guidelines in order to ensure compliance.
What does the travel rules means to me as user?
As a user in the virtual asset industry, the implementation of the Travel Rule brings some significant changes that are designed to enhance the security and transparency of financial transactions. This means that when you engage in virtual asset transfers, certain personal information will now be shared between the involved parties. While this might sound intrusive at first, it plays a crucial role in combating fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing.
The Travel Rule aims to create a safer environment for individuals like you by reducing the risks associated with illicit activities. This means that you can have greater confidence in the legitimacy of the virtual asset transactions you engage in. The regulation aims to weed out illicit activities and promote a level playing field for legitimate users. This fosters trust and confidence among users, attracting more participants and further driving the growth and development of the industry.
However, it's important to note that complying with this rule may require you to provide additional information to virtual asset service providers. Your privacy and the protection of your personal data remain paramount, and service providers are bound by strict regulations to ensure the security of your information.
In summary, the Travel Rule is a positive development for digital asset users like yourself, as it contributes to a more secure and trustworthy virtual asset industry.
Unlocking Compliance and Seamless Experiences: Tap's Proactive Approach to Upcoming Regulations
Tap is fully committed to upholding regulatory compliance, while also prioritizing a seamless and enjoyable customer experience. In order to achieve this delicate balance, Tap has proactively sought out partnerships with trusted solution providers and is actively engaged in industry working groups. By collaborating with experts in the field, Tap ensures it remains on the cutting edge of best practices and innovative solutions.
These efforts not only demonstrate Tap's dedication to compliance, but also contribute to creating a secure and transparent environment for its users. By staying ahead of the curve, Tap can foster trust and confidence in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, reassuring customers that their financial transactions are safe and protected.
But Tap's commitment to compliance doesn't mean sacrificing user experience. On the contrary, Tap understands the importance of providing a seamless journey for its customers. This means that while regulatory requirements may be changing, Tap is working diligently to ensure that users can continue to enjoy a smooth and hassle-free experience.
By combining a proactive approach to compliance with a determination to maintain user satisfaction, Tap is setting itself apart as a trusted leader in the financial technology industry. So rest assured, as Tap evolves in response to new regulations, your experience as a customer will remain top-notch and worry-free.
Unveiling the future of money: Explore the game-changing Central Bank Digital Currencies and their potential impact on finance.
Since the debut of Bitcoin in 2009, central banks have been living in fear of the disruptive technology that is cryptocurrency. Distributed ledger technology has revolutionized the digital world and has continued to challenge the corruption of central bank morals.
Financial institutions can’t beat or control cryptocurrency, so they are joining them in creating digital currencies. Governments have now been embracing digital currencies in the form of CBDCs, otherwise known as central bank digital currencies.
Central bank digital currencies are digital tokens, similar to cryptocurrency, issued by a central bank. They are pegged to the value of that country's fiat currency, acting as a digital currency version of the national currency. CBDCs are created and regulated by a country's central bank and monetary authorities.
A central bank digital currency is generally created for a sense of financial inclusion and to improve the application of monetary and fiscal policy. Central banks adopting currency in digital form presents great benefits for the federal reserve system as well as citizens, but there are some cons lurking behind the central bank digital currency facade.
Types of central bank digital currencies
While the concept of a central bank digital currency is quite easy to understand, there are layers to central bank money in its digital form. Before we take a deep dive into the possibilities presented by the central banks and their digital money, we will break down the different types of central bank digital currencies.
Wholesale CBDCs
Wholesale central bank digital currencies are targeted at financial institutions, whereby reserve balances are held within a central bank. This integration assists the financial system and institutions in improving payment systems and security payment efficiency.
This is much simpler than rolling out a central bank digital currency to the whole country but provides support for large businesses when they want to transfer money. These digital payments would also act as a digital ledger and aid in the avoidance of money laundering.
Retail CBDCs
A retail central bank digital currency refers to government-backed digital assets used between businesses and customers. This type of central bank digital currency is aimed at traditional currency, acting as a digital version of physical currency. These digital assets would allow retail payment systems, direct P2P CBDC transactions, as well as international settlements among businesses. It would be similar to having a bank account, where you could digitally transfer money through commercial banks, except the currency would be in the form of a digital yuan or euro, rather than the federal reserve of currency held by central banks.
Pros and cons of a central bank digital currency (CBDC)
Central banks are looking for ways to keep their money in the country, as opposed to it being spent on buying cryptocurrencies, thus losing it to a global market. As digital currencies become more popular, each central bank must decide whether they want to fight it or profit from the potential. Regardless of adoption, central banks creating their own digital currencies comes with benefits and disadvantages to users that you need to know.
Pros of central bank digital currency (CBDC)
- Cross border payments
- Track money laundering activity
- Secure international monetary fund
- Reduces risk of commercial bank collapse
- Cheaper
- More secure
- Promotes financial inclusion
Cons of central bank digital currency (CDBC)
- Central banks have complete control
- No anonymity of digital currency transfers
- Cybersecurity issues
- Price reliant on fiat currency equivalent
- Physical money may be eliminated
- Ban of distributed ledger technology and cryptocurrency
Central bank digital currency conclusion
Central bank money in an electronic form has been a big debate in the blockchain technology space, with so many countries considering the possibility. The European Central Bank, as well as other central banks, have been considering the possibility of central bank digital currencies as a means of improving the financial system. The Chinese government is in the midst of testing out their e-CNY, which some are calling the digital yuan. They have seen great success so far, but only after completely banning Bitcoin trading.
There is a lot of good that can come from CBDCs, but the benefits are mostly for the federal reserve system and central banks. Bank-account holders and citizens may have their privacy compromised and their investment options limited if the world adopts CBDCs.
It's important to remember that central bank digital currencies are not cryptocurrencies. They do not compete with cryptocurrencies and the benefits of blockchain technology. Their limited use cases can only be applied when reinforced by a financial system authority. Only time will tell if CBDCs will succeed, but right now you can appreciate the advantages brought to you by crypto.
Tap makes entering the Bitcoin world simple. Buy, sell, hold, and trade Bitcoin easily on our secure platform.
Welcome to this week's Crypto Update, your go-to destination for the latest news in the exciting world of cryptocurrencies. Let's dive right into the highlights of the past week in the dynamic crypto market.
Etherscan's AI Tool for Smart Contracts:
Etherscan has launched Code Reader, an advanced tool that utilizes AI to retrieve and interpret source code from specific Ethereum contract addresses. Code Reader leverages OpenAI's powerful language model to generate comprehensive insights into contract source code files. The tool allows users to gain a deeper understanding of contract code, access comprehensive lists of smart contract functions, and explore contract interactions with decentralized applications. To access and utilize Code Reader, users need a valid OpenAI API Key and sufficient OpenAI usage limits. However, researchers caution about the challenges posed by current AI models, including computing power limitations, data synchronization, network optimization, and privacy concerns.
SEC's increased scrutiny on cryptocurrencies sparks debate:
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) increased scrutiny has led to a prominent debate concerning the future of XRP and Ethereum. Max Keiser, a well-known Bitcoin advocate, predicts the downfall of XRP and Ethereum due to regulatory overreach. In contrast, John Deaton, representing XRP holders, opposes this view, arguing for a more balanced regulatory approach. The cryptocurrency community is now anxiously awaiting regulatory clarity, as the SEC's actions remain unpredictable.
It's important to note that the regulatory environment is constantly evolving and can have significant impacts on the cryptocurrency market, including Ethereum. Therefore, it is advisable to stay informed about the latest developments.
A Call for Clarity: Federal reserve governor advocates for clearer crypto regulations:
Michelle Bowman, a Federal Reserve Governor, has urged global regulators to establish clearer regulations for emerging banking activities, particularly banking as a service and digital assets. She emphasized the need for a well-defined regulatory framework to address the supervisory void and uncertainties that financial institutions currently face. Bowman's call aligns with the growing demand for enhanced regulation of digital assets. A robust and comprehensive regulatory framework is crucial for ensuring the stability and integrity of the banking sector, mitigating risks, protecting consumers, and fostering innovation.
Turkish lira hit a record low against the US dollar
The Turkish lira hit a historic low, trading at 25.74 per US dollar, following Turkey's central bank decision to raise interest rates by 650 basis points to 15%. While the hike was expected, it fell short of the anticipated 21%, and analysts believe a larger increase was needed to show the government's resolve to fight inflation. The lira's devaluation has been part of a larger trend, prompting citizens to invest in alternative assets like digital currencies and gold. The central bank, now under new leadership, has adopted a more gradual approach to rate adjustments, seeking to stabilize the economy. However, the uncertainty surrounding Turkey's economic future persists.
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In a market where volatility is the norm and headlines change daily, it’s no surprise that many investors are shifting their focus from high-risk speculation to long-term financial security. Safe, long-term investments aren’t about playing it small, they’re about playing it smart.
At their core, these investments aim to preserve your capital, deliver steady returns, and minimise emotional decision-making. But let’s be clear: “Safe” doesn’t mean zero risk, it means lower, more predictable risk. “Long-term” means holding your investments for at least five years, giving them time to recover from short-term dips and benefit from compounding growth.
Why does this approach work? Because it builds resilience. You protect your wealth against inflation, diversify across stable asset classes, and avoid the panic of market timing. Over time, this strategy tends to outperform more reactive investing, especially when paired with regular contributions and a clear understanding of your financial goals.
In 2025, safe investing doesn’t just mean sticking to traditional government bonds (though those still have their place). It also includes high-quality dividend stocks, inflation-linked securities, ETFs focused on defensive sectors, and increasingly, professionally managed portfolios via robo-advisors that prioritise low-risk, long-term growth.
If you’re looking to grow your wealth without riding the emotional rollercoaster, here are several strategies tried and tested by the most cautious of investors. Because smart investing isn’t about guessing right, it’s about building a plan that works, even when the market doesn’t.
What makes an investment 'safe' for the long term?
When we talk about safe investments, we're looking for specific characteristics that have proven reliable over decades. Capital preservation comes first, meaning that your initial investment should be protected from significant loss. This doesn't mean guaranteed returns, but it does mean the probability of major losses is low.
- Predictable returns matter more than spectacular ones.
An investment that consistently delivers 6% annually is often better than one that swings between 20% gains and 15% losses. Consistency allows you to plan, budget, and sleep well at night.
- Inflation protection is non-negotiable for long-term wealth building.
An investment earning 3% when inflation runs at 4% is actually losing you money. Many investors seek out options that beat inflation or adjust returns to keep pace with rising prices.
- The risk-reward relationship remains fundamental to all investing.
Generally, safer investments offer lower potential returns, but they also offer something valuable: predictability. This trade-off becomes particularly attractive when you consider the psychological cost of volatile investments and the mathematical power of consistent compounding.
- Diversification isn't just a safety net, it's a requirement.
Spreading investments across different asset classes, sectors, and even countries reduces the impact of any single investment's poor performance. It's the closest thing to a free lunch in investing.
Top safe long-term investment options (2025 edition)
Based on the principles listed above and options favoured by the investors focused on long-term time-frames, here are several options one could consider:
U.S. Treasury Securities & TIPS
Treasury securities represent the gold standard of safe investing, backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, offering different time horizons through bills, notes, and bonds.
Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), on the other hand, adjust their principal value based on inflation rates, addressing the main concern with traditional bonds for long-term holders.
The primary risk here is opportunity cost rather than loss of principal, sacrificing potential growth for safety and predictability.
High-Yield Savings Accounts & CDs
FDIC insurance makes these the safest options available, protecting deposits up to £250,000 per account, with high-yield savings offering competitive rates and full liquidity while CDs lock in higher rates for specific periods.
These suit investors building emergency funds or holding money for near-term goals, though the main limitation is the return potential that may barely beat inflation. The only real risk is opportunity cost, as you're guaranteed not to lose principal but may miss out on higher returns from other investments.
Investment-Grade Bonds & Bond Funds
Corporate and municipal bonds rated BBB or higher offer a step up in yield from government securities while maintaining relatively low risk, with bond funds and ETFs providing instant diversification across hundreds of individual bonds.
These appeal to investors seeking higher income than government bonds can provide, though they carry credit risk (potential issuer default) and interest rate risk (bond values fall when rates rise).
Investment-grade ratings significantly reduce default probability, making short-to-intermediate term bonds (1-7 years) particularly suitable for conservative portfolios due to lower interest rate sensitivity.
Dividend-Paying Stocks
High-quality companies with long dividend histories offer the potential for both regular income and capital appreciation, with Dividend Aristocrats (S&P 500 companies that have increased dividends for 25+ years) representing the most reliable payers.
These stocks provide dividend growth over time, offering natural inflation protection that bonds can't match, though they suit investors comfortable with moderate price volatility.
The main risks include potential dividend cuts during economic downturns and stock price fluctuations, though quality dividend stocks typically show less volatility than growth stocks and recover more quickly from market downturns.
Index Funds & ETFs (e.g., S&P 500)
Broad market index funds provide exposure to hundreds or thousands of companies with minimal fees and no active management risk, with the S&P 500 delivering average annual returns of approximately 10% over long periods.
These funds work well for investors seeking market returns without stock selection complexity, using dollar-cost averaging to reduce timing risk and smooth out market volatility.
The main risk is market volatility with significant year-to-year variation, though this approach has historically outperformed most actively managed funds over time due to its simplicity and low costs.
Target-Date Retirement Funds
These funds automatically adjust their asset allocation based on your target retirement date, becoming more conservative as you approach retirement while holding a diversified mix of stock and bond funds.
They suit investors who prefer a hands-off approach to portfolio management, with the fund company handling rebalancing and asset allocation changes.
The trade-off is less control over specific investments and potentially higher fees than building your own portfolio, though the convenience and professional management often justify the additional cost for many investors.
Real Estate (Direct & REITs)
Real estate provides tangible assets that often appreciate over time while generating rental income, with Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) offering real estate exposure without property ownership responsibilities while trading like stocks and paying substantial dividends.
REITs provide diversification benefits as real estate often performs differently than stocks and bonds, particularly during inflationary periods, while offering stock-like liquidity.
The main risks include interest rate sensitivity (REITs often decline when rates rise) and economic cycles that affect property values, though diversified REIT funds spread these risks across different property types and regions.
Robo-Advisors for Conservative Portfolios
Algorithm-based investment platforms create diversified portfolios based on your risk tolerance and goals, with automatic rebalancing and tax-loss harvesting, typically emphasising bonds and dividend stocks for conservative allocations.
These platforms suit investors who want professional portfolio management without traditional financial advisor costs, as algorithms handle technical portfolio construction and maintenance while removing emotion from investment decisions.
The main limitations include less customisation than self-directed investing and ongoing management fees, though these are typically modest compared to traditional advisory services.
Annuities (For Retirement-Focused Investors)
Fixed annuities provide guaranteed income for life or specific periods, eliminating longevity risk in retirement, with immediate annuities beginning payments right away while deferred annuities accumulate value first.
They appeal to retirees who prioritise income certainty over growth potential, essentially serving as insurance against outliving your money. The main downsides include limited liquidity, potentially high fees, and inflation risk with fixed payments, while variable annuities add complexity and market risk that can defeat the purpose of guaranteed income.
Comparing investment options by safety, return & liquidity
Investment Type |
Safety Level | Return Potential | Liquidity | Best Suited For |
---|---|---|---|---|
Treasury Securities
|
Very High
|
Low
|
High
|
Ultra-conservative investors
|
High-Yield Savings
|
Very High
|
Low | Very High | Emergency funds |
Investment-Grade Bonds
|
High | Moderate | Moderate | Income-focused investors |
Dividend Stocks
|
Moderate | Moderate-High | High | Income and growth seekers |
Index Funds
|
Moderate | Moderate-High | High | Long-term growth investors |
REITs
|
Moderate | Moderate-High | High | Diversification seekers |
Target-Date Funds
|
Moderate | Moderate | High | Hands-off investors |
Annuities | High | Low-Moderate | Low | Guaranteed income seekers |
This comparison highlights the fundamental trade-offs in investing. Notice that no single investment excels in all categories - this is why diversification across multiple types often makes sense for most investors.
Common mistakes to avoid in safe long-term investing
Even conservative investing has its pitfalls. Overconcentration in a single investment type eliminates the benefits of diversification. Even Treasury bonds carry inflation risk if they comprise your entire portfolio.
- Ignoring inflation might be the biggest mistake conservative investors make. An investment earning 2% annually loses purchasing power when inflation runs at 3%. This makes some seemingly "safe" investments actually risky for long-term wealth preservation.
- Chasing yields can lead to products that aren't as safe as they appear. If an investment offers significantly higher returns than similar alternatives, question why. Higher returns almost always mean higher risk, even when the marketing suggests otherwise.
- Failing to rebalance allows your portfolio to drift from its intended allocation. A portfolio designed as 60% stocks and 40% bonds might become 70% stocks after a bull market, increasing risk beyond your comfort level.
- Finally, emotional decision-making can derail even the best-laid plans. Safe investing works because it's boring and consistent. The moment you start making changes based on market headlines or performance anxiety, you're no longer following a safe long-term strategy.
Conclusion: build a resilient investment portfolio
Safe long-term investing isn’t about trying to beat the market, it’s about building wealth on your terms, with as little unnecessary risk as possible. It’s a strategy rooted in consistency, not complexity.
The real edge? Compound growth, applied patiently over years, not months.
A strong portfolio doesn’t just chase returns, it balances growth with protection, access with long-term discipline. That means mixing stable, lower-risk assets with a few growth-oriented ones, depending on your stage of life, goals, and tolerance for risk.
There’s no one-size-fits-all formula, but the principles stay the same: protect your capital, invest with intention, and give your money time to do the heavy lifting.
Here’s the thing most people overlook: your behaviour matters more than perfect timing or picking the “right” fund. Starting early (or starting now), contributing regularly, and staying the course (especially when the market gets noisy) are what separates successful long-term investors from the rest.
The longer your money stays invested, the more time it has to compound. And that’s where the real growth happens. Whether you’re in your 30s building momentum, or closer to retirement focusing on security, it’s never too late or too early to start investing in a way that prioritises stability and progress over hype.
This guide outlines commonly used, lower-risk investment options to help you explore strategies aligned with long-term financial goals. But remember: your situation is unique. A tailored strategy, ideally built with the help of a financial professional, will always outperform generic advice.

Leverage in crypto trading is like adding rocket fuel to your portfolio - it can send your profits soaring or it could turn your investment into a spectacular firework display that ends in ashes. If you've been wondering whether leveraged crypto trading is right for you, you're asking the right questions. The answer isn't a simple yes or no, but rather depends on your experience, risk tolerance, and trading strategy.
Let's dive deep into the world of leveraged crypto trading to help you make an informed decision that won't leave you crying into your empty wallet.
What is leverage in crypto trading?
Leverage in crypto trading allows you to control a larger position than your actual account balance would normally allow. Think of it as borrowing money from your exchange to amplify your trading power. When you use 10x leverage, for example, you can trade with $10,000 worth of crypto while only putting up $1,000 of your own money.
The key distinction here is between leverage and margin. Leverage is the ratio (like 2x, 5x, or 100x), while margin is the actual collateral you put down. If you want to open a $5,000 position with 5x leverage, you'd need $1,000 in margin as your initial deposit.
Leverage ratios can range from conservative 2x multipliers all the way up to eye-watering 100x or even 125x on some platforms. Higher leverage means higher potential returns, but also dramatically increased risk of liquidation.
How does crypto leverage trading work?
When you open a leveraged position, you're essentially borrowing funds from the exchange to increase your market exposure. The exchange holds your margin as collateral and charges you interest (funding fees) for the privilege of using their money.
Here's the basic mechanics: You deposit collateral, choose your leverage ratio, and open a position. The exchange monitors your account balance constantly. If your losses approach your margin amount, you'll face liquidation: the exchange automatically closes your position to prevent you from losing more than your collateral.
Leveraged crypto trading typically happens through futures contracts, perpetual swaps, or options. Perpetual swaps are the most popular choice, as they don't have expiration dates and closely track the underlying asset's price through funding rate mechanisms.
Real-world examples of leveraged crypto trades
Let's examine some concrete scenarios. Imagine you open a $1,000 Bitcoin position with 10x leverage when BTC is at $50,000. Your effective position size is $10,000, controlling 0.2 BTC.
Scenario 1: Bitcoin rises to $55,000 (10% increase). Your position gains $1,000, doubling your initial investment.
Scenario 2: Bitcoin falls to $45,000 (10% decrease). Your position loses $1,000, and you're liquidated, losing your entire margin.
(side note: Some platforms liquidate before the full 10% drop due to maintenance margin + fees, often at around an 8–9% drop for 10x leverage.)
For a more conservative example, consider 5x leverage on Ethereum. With $500 margin and ETH at $3,000, you control $2,500 worth of ETH. A 15% ETH price drop to $2,550 would result in a $375 loss, leaving you with $125 margin and approaching liquidation territory.
These examples illustrate how small market movements translate to significant portfolio impacts with leverage, both positive and negative.
Types of leverage trading: isolated vs. cross margin
Understanding margin types is crucial for effectively managing your risk.
Isolated margin confines your risk to individual positions, so if one trade goes south, it won't affect your other positions or remaining account balance. You allocate specific amounts to each trade, and that's all you can lose on that particular position.
Cross margin, on the other hand, uses your entire account balance as collateral across all positions. While this can prevent liquidation by automatically adding margin from your available balance, it also means a single bad trade could potentially wipe out your entire account.
Isolated margin is generally safer for beginners because it limits your maximum loss per trade. While cross margin offers more flexibility and can help avoid unnecessary liquidations, but requires more sophisticated risk management skills.
What are the risks of using leverage?
The biggest risk in leveraged crypto trading is liquidation, and crypto markets are notoriously volatile. Bitcoin can easily swing 5-10% in a single day. With 10x leverage, a mere 10% move against your position equals a 100% loss of your margin, triggering automatic liquidation.
Overleveraging is perhaps the most common mistake. The temptation to use maximum available leverage can be overwhelming, especially when you see potential profits multiplied by 50x or 100x. However, higher leverage means smaller price movements can destroy your position entirely.
Emotional trading becomes amplified with leverage. The stress of watching leveraged positions can lead to poor decision-making, revenge trading, and the dreaded "risk of ruin" (losing so much that you can't effectively continue trading).
The bottom line is that market volatility in crypto is extreme compared to traditional assets. While stocks might move 2-3% daily, cryptocurrencies regularly experience 10-20% swings. This volatility, combined with leverage, creates a perfect storm for rapid account destruction. You’ve been warned.
What are the advantages of using leverage?
Despite the risks, leverage offers compelling advantages for experienced traders. The most obvious benefit is amplified returns - a 5% Bitcoin price increase becomes a 50% profit with 10x leverage. This capital efficiency allows you to maintain significant market exposure while keeping most of your capital available for other opportunities.
Leverage also allows for sophisticated strategies like hedging and short selling. You can profit from falling prices by opening short positions, or hedge your spot holdings by taking opposite leveraged positions. This flexibility is particularly valuable during crypto bear markets when traditional buy-and-hold strategies struggle.
For traders with limited capital, leverage provides access to meaningful position sizes that wouldn't otherwise be possible. Instead of needing $10,000 to trade Bitcoin meaningfully, you might achieve similar exposure with just $1,000 and 10x leverage.
Should beginners use leverage in crypto trading?
The short answer for most beginners is: probably not. Leveraged trading requires a solid understanding of market dynamics, risk management, and emotional control - skills that take time to develop. The learning curve is steep enough without adding the pressure of potential liquidation.
However, if you're determined to experiment with leverage as a beginner, start extremely conservatively. Consider 2x or 3x leverage maximum, and only risk money you can afford to lose completely. Use an isolated margin to limit your downside, and never risk more than 1-2% of your total capital on any single leveraged trade.
The golden rule for beginners: master spot trading first. Understand market analysis, develop a trading strategy, and build emotional discipline before adding leverage to the equation. Think of leverage as advanced weaponry: you wouldn't hand a rocket launcher to someone who's never held a regular gun.
How to manage risk when using leverage
Effective risk management is the difference between profitable leveraged trading and blown accounts.
We’ll say it time and time again: position sizing is paramount -never risk more than you can afford to lose, regardless of how confident you feel about a trade. A common rule is the 1% rule: never risk more than 1% of your account on any single trade.
Stop-losses are non-negotiable in leveraged trading. Set them before entering positions, not after you're already losing money. Also, calculate your risk-reward ratio beforehand; many successful traders aim for at least 2:1 reward-to-risk ratios.
Diversification becomes even more critical with leverage. Don't put all your leveraged positions in one crypto or market sector. Spread your risk across different assets and strategies to avoid catastrophic losses from single market events.
Is leveraged crypto trading legal and available everywhere?
The regulatory landscape varies dramatically by jurisdiction. In the United States, leveraged crypto trading faces significant restrictions. Most major exchanges don't offer high leverage to U.S. residents, and some derivative products are completely unavailable.
International traders typically have access to much higher leverage ratios and more diverse trading products. However, this comes with less regulatory protection and potentially higher platform risk.
Always verify your local regulations before engaging in leveraged crypto trading. Some countries have banned crypto derivatives entirely, while others impose strict leverage limits or require special licensing for platforms offering these services.
Final verdict: should you use leverage when trading crypto?
So, should you use leverage when trading crypto? It depends entirely on whether you're ready to handle a double-edged sword that's sharper than most traders realise.
Leverage makes sense if you've already proven yourself profitable in spot trading, have ironclad risk management skills, and can sleep soundly while your positions swing wildly overnight. It's a tool for enhancement, not salvation.
Skip leverage if you're new to crypto, emotionally driven in your trading decisions, or using money you actually need for rent and groceries. The markets will still be here when you're ready.
The bottom line: crypto offers opportunities without adding leverage to the mix. Master the fundamentals first, then consider leverage as a precision instrument, not a lottery ticket. The goal isn't to hit home runs on every trade; it's to stay in the game long enough to compound your skills and capital over time.

When you find a platform that makes managing crypto easy and actually enjoyable, it’s only natural to spread the word. With Tap’s Referral Program, you can turn that good deed into rewards and help your friends unlock premium features while you earn bonuses every time they join and trade. Win-win.
Quick highlights:
- Both you and your friend earn bonuses when they upgrade from Essential to a higher tier
- Your bonus is immediately available, while your friend's is locked for 12 months (helping them build long-term wealth)
- Friends have 60 days after completing verification to upgrade and qualify
- Bonus amounts vary based on which premium tier your friend chooses
Why share Tap with your friends?
Think about the last time a friend's recommendation genuinely improved your life. Maybe it was an investment tip that paid off, or a service that simplified something complicated. Financial platforms work the same way - when you find something that truly helps, it's worth sharing.
Cus let’s be honest, the digital asset world can feel overwhelming for newbies. Between choosing the right platform, understanding different service tiers, and navigating security requirements, many people never move beyond basic accounts. That's where your recommendation becomes valuable.
Your friends will likely trust your judgment because you've already explored the platform, experienced the premium features, and can speak authentically about the difference between Tap's Essential tier and the upgraded options.
Understanding Tap's user privilege tiers
One thing that sets Tap apart is its tiered approach to services. Rather than offering the same basic experience to everyone, they provide increasingly valuable features that mirror the financial situation of the user:
Essential - The starting point for all new users
Plus - Enhanced features for growing portfolios
Prime - Advanced tools for serious investors
Premier - Professional-grade capabilities
Platinum - Premium institutional-level access
Prestige - The ultimate tier for sophisticated users
When your friends start with an Essential account, they get a taste of what Tap offers. But the real value unlocks when they upgrade to higher tiers, accessing features that can significantly impact their digital asset strategy.

How Tap's referral program works
Here's the straightforward process:
Step 1: Share your unique link
Every verified Tap user gets a personal referral link in their app. This tracks anyone who signs up through your recommendation. Open the app, click on your profile picture and select Refer a Friend.
Step 2: Your friend creates their account
Using your referral link, they’ll need to open an account and complete their KYC (Know Your Customer) verification (standard security procedures for financial platforms).
Step 3: The 60-day window
Once their verification is approved, your friend has 60 days to upgrade from Essential to any higher tier (Plus, Prime, Premier, Platinum, or Prestige).
- The 60-day upgrade window encourages new users to actively explore the platform and make an informed decision about premium features and which one best suits their needs.
Step 4: Bonuses are credited
When they upgrade, you both receive bonuses. Yours is immediately available, while theirs is locked for 12 months to encourage long-term wealth building. Reward amounts vary based on the tier they upgrade to.
Step 5: Claim your bonus
You'll need to claim your bonus through the mobile app as it won't be automatically added to your balance. Go back to where you found the referral link and select Your Rewards.
Important program details
Eligibility requirements:
- You must have a verified account in good standing
- Both parties must complete the KYC requirements
- Maintain compliance with Tap's terms and conditions
Geographic availability:
- Currently available for Tap customers globally
- US customers will have access announced at a future date
Ready to start referring?
Tap’s referral program lets you earn rewards just by introducing friends to the premium features you already love. When you share your upgrade experience, you’re not just helping friends discover smarter tools, you’re essentially giving them a shortcut to better digital asset management.
Remember, your referral means more because it’s real, based on your own journey with Tap’s premium tiers. When you refer people who’ll genuinely benefit, everyone wins: you earn bonuses, your friends level up their portfolio game, and Tap grows with the kind of users who truly get it.
So don’t spam - share smart. Thoughtful referrals lead to better rewards all around.

For millennia, humans have defined value through the tangible: gold you could hold, land you could stand on, and later, paper notes backed by government promises. But in just over a decade, cryptocurrency has fundamentally challenged these ancient conventions, introducing a radical new proposition: what if value could exist purely as information, secured not by central authorities but by mathematics and collective consensus?
Consider this: cryptocurrency isn't merely a financial innovation; it represents a philosophical, cultural, and psychological revolution in how we conceptualise value itself. While traditional economists and crypto bros might view crypto assets as speculative instruments, they miss the broader transformation occurring beneath the price charts - a complete reconstruction of our relationship with money, trust, and economic participation.
As we'll explore, this shift extends far beyond trading and investing. It's reshaping how entire generations think about wealth preservation, questioning long-held assumptions about institutional authority, and expanding financial access to previously excluded populations. From Bitcoin's deflationary model to the complex ecosystems of decentralised finance, crypto is rewriting the very language of value in the digital age. Let’s explore it.
From tangible to digital: the evolution of wealth perception
"Where exactly is your Bitcoin?" This seemingly simple question reveals the profound shift occurring in our collective understanding of wealth. For centuries, value storage meant physical possession (again, gold bars in vaults, cash in wallets, or property deeds in filing cabinets). The materiality of these assets provided psychological comfort; you could literally touch your wealth.
Cryptocurrency challenges this fundamental association between physicality and value. When someone owns Bitcoin, they don't possess a digital coin in the conventional sense. Instead, they control access to a position on an immutable ledger - a concept so abstract that it requires significant cognitive adjustment for many traditional investors.
From a behavioural aspect, the difficulty many people have with accepting cryptocurrency stems from our evolutionary programming: our brains developed to value tangible resources (food, shelter, tools). Abstract representations of value require more cognitive processing, which is why many people struggle with the concept of crypto despite understanding it intellectually.
This transition mirrors other historical shifts in value perception. When paper money first replaced gold coins, many resisted the change, insisting that value couldn't exist in mere paper promises. Today's movement from government-issued currency to algorithmic scarcity follows a similar pattern of initial resistance followed by gradual normalisation.
What makes the current transition unique is its complete divorce from the physical realm. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and thousands of other digital assets exist exclusively as information, secured through cryptography, distributed across thousands of computers worldwide, and accessible only through digital keys. This represents not an incremental change but a quantum leap in how we conceptualise ownership and store value.
Decentralisation: redefining trust and authority
Perhaps crypto's most revolutionary aspect isn't its digital nature but its decentralised structure. For centuries, we've outsourced trust to centralised institutions, for example, banks to protect our deposits, governments to manage currency supplies, and credit agencies to verify our financial identities.
Cryptocurrency proposes an alternative: what if trust could be encoded into protocol rules, distributed across networks, and verified by mathematics rather than human authorities?
When Satoshi Nakamoto created Bitcoin, it wasn't just a new asset class - it was a fundamental challenge to the monopoly on money creation. By solving the double-spend problem without requiring a central authority, blockchain technology essentially digitised trust itself.
This decentralisation has profound implications across the financial landscape:
- Banking without banks: Cryptocurrency enables people to become their own financial institutions: storing, transferring, and managing wealth without intermediaries who charge fees and impose conditions.
- Censorship resistance: When value exists on distributed networks, it becomes extraordinarily difficult for any single entity to freeze assets or block transactions, creating new forms of financial freedom.
- Global accessibility: Traditional financial systems reflect geographic and political boundaries. Decentralised networks operate independently of these constraints, allowing anyone with internet access to participate in the global economy.
In emerging markets particularly, this shift from institutional to algorithmic trust has accelerated rapidly. When Venezuela experienced hyperinflation exceeding 1,000,000% in 2018, many citizens turned to Bitcoin not as a speculative investment but as a practical necessity, literally a more stable store of value than their national currency. Similar adoption patterns have emerged across countries with unstable monetary policies or restrictive capital controls.
Some may view decentralisation as more than just a technological preference and more of a direct response to institutional failure. For example, when central banks and governments repeatedly mismanage monetary policy, people naturally tend to seek alternatives that can't be arbitrarily inflated or confiscated.
Scarcity, security & the psychology of hodling
Unlike fiat currencies that can be created indefinitely by central banks, Bitcoin introduced the concept of absolute digital scarcity: only 21 million will ever exist. Again, this fixed supply fundamentally changed how people think about money's relationship to inflation and time.
The term "HODL" (originally a typo for "hold") has evolved from crypto-community slang into a philosophy reflecting a significant psychological shift. Hodlers view cryptocurrency not as a short-term trading vehicle but as a long-term store of value, for some: digital assets worth preserving across generations.
Economist Saifedean Ammous, author of The Bitcoin Standard, argues that Bitcoin marks a return to "hard money" principles. He suggests that for most of human history, money was tied to inherently scarce resources like gold, which couldn't be artificially increased. In contrast, the widespread use of elastic fiat currencies in the 20th century is, in his view, a historical outlier. Bitcoin, with its fixed supply, reintroduces the idea of money that resists debasement.
This scarcity-based mindset has also impacted saving behaviours, particularly among younger generations. While traditional financial advisors typically recommend diversified portfolios with 3-6 months of emergency savings, many crypto adopters maintain much larger reserves, viewing fiat currency as an inherently depreciating asset and cryptocurrency as a hedge against monetary expansion.
The psychological security derived from mathematically guaranteed scarcity creates powerful emotional attachments. For many hodlers, their relationship with cryptocurrency transcends normal investment dynamics - it becomes a vote of confidence in a different economic model. This faith often persists through extreme market volatility, confounding traditional economic rationality models.
From a psychological perspective, consider this: the willingness to endure 70-80% drawdowns without selling suggests something deeper than profit motivation. For committed crypto holders, their assets represent not just potential financial gain but ideological alignment and identity. They're invested emotionally as well as financially.
Financial sovereignty and the global unbanked
For approximately 1.7 billion adults worldwide without access to banking services, cryptocurrency offers something revolutionary: financial inclusion without institutional permission. This aspect of the crypto revolution rarely makes headlines but represents one of its most profound impacts.
In regions where banking infrastructure is limited, cryptocurrency enables financial activities previously impossible:
- Cross-border remittances: Migrant workers can send money home without exorbitant fees or lengthy delays
- Savings protection: Citisens in economically unstable regions can store value beyond the reach of local currency depreciation
- Microfinance access: Blockchain-based lending platforms enable credit access without traditional banking relationships
The concept of "being your own bank" carries different significance for someone in rural Kenya than for someone in Manhattan. For the latter, it might represent philosophical alignment; for the former, it could mean the first real opportunity to participate in the global financial system.
Even in developed economies, cryptocurrency offers financial sovereignty to those facing exclusion. Sex workers, political dissidents, and others vulnerable to financial censorship have found in crypto a way to operate beyond institutional control, though, of course, this same quality raises legitimate concerns about illicit usage.
Risk, reward, and a new investment ethos
Cryptocurrency has also introduced an entirely different relationship with financial risk. Traditional investment wisdom emphasises diversification, steady appreciation, and risk mitigation. The crypto ecosystem, by contrast, has “normalised” extreme volatility, concentrated positions, and experimental financial protocols.
DeFi (decentralised finance) platforms exemplify this new investment psychology. These permissionless protocols enable users to lend, borrow, and trade directly through smart contracts, often offering yields far exceeding traditional finance but with correspondingly higher risks. The willingness to lock millions of dollars, or just hundreds, into experimental code represents a profound shift in risk tolerance.
What traditional investors might see as reckless, many crypto participants view as rational, given their time horizon and beliefs about technological adoption. If someone genuinely believes blockchain technology will transform finance, accepting short-term volatility for potential long-term exponential growth aligns with that conviction.
The future of value: identity, data, and the Metaverse
As crypto continues evolving, its impact on value perception extends into emerging domains like digital identity, data ownership, and virtual economies. Blockchain technology enables new forms of value representation far beyond simple currency.
The next frontier isn't just about money - it's about tokenising aspects of human activity that were previously outside economic systems. From attention to data to reputation, blockchain enables us to capture, measure, and exchange forms of value that were previously intangible. Enter Web3.
Several emerging trends suggest how our concept of value might further evolve:
- Digital identity as asset: Self-sovereign identity systems enable individuals to control and potentially monetise their verified credentials and reputation
- Data ownership: Blockchain-based systems allow users to control, track, and be compensated for their data rather than surrendering it to platforms
- Virtual property: As metaverse platforms develop, ownership of digital land, items, and experiences increasingly resembles traditional property rights
The integration of AI with blockchain technology particularly suggests radical possibilities. Autonomous economic agents (software that can hold assets, make transactions, and provide services) may create entirely new economic relationships not predicated on human participation at all.
Looking toward 2035-2045, we might see value systems where:
- Human attention becomes explicitly priced and compensated through micropayment systems
- Algorithmic reputation scores function as forms of capital across platforms
- Digital and physical assets become increasingly interchangeable through tokenisation
The distinction between 'real' and 'virtual' value is already dissolving. For digital natives, ownership of a rare game item or social token can feel as significant as physical possessions. As virtual experiences consume more of our time and attention, this trend will likely only accelerate.
Conclusion: the value revolution has already begun
Cryptocurrency's true revolution isn't financial - it's conceptual, transforming how we understand value itself. Beyond creating wealth or challenging institutions, crypto expands money's definition through mathematical scarcity, programmable assets, and community governance.
This philosophical shift fundamentally redefines our relationship with ownership, trust, and economic participation.
As digital and physical value boundaries blur, both opportunities and challenges emerge. Whether you participate or not, understanding these paradigm shifts will be crucial for navigating our economic future where value is increasingly defined by consensus rather than decree.

You've heard the stories. Someone bought Bitcoin for a few dollars and is now set for life. Maybe it's a friend, a news story, or that one person who won't stop talking about crypto. And now you're wondering: "Is it too late to buy Bitcoin?"
You're not alone. People have asked this exact question at every price point – when Bitcoin hit $100, $1,000, $10,000, even $100,000. Some jumped in, others waited, convinced they'd missed their chance.
Here's the reality: timing markets is tough. What feels "too late" today might look like perfect timing in a few years. Or maybe it really is too late. Nobody knows for sure.
This guide breaks down what you need to know. We'll look at Bitcoin's wild price history, where things stand today, and the arguments on both sides. You'll get the facts you need to make your own decision – because that's exactly what this is: your decision to make.
Let’s look at Bitcoin's price history and market cycles
Understanding where Bitcoin has been helps put today's prices in perspective. Let's take a trip down memory lane.
The Early Days (2009-2013)
Bitcoin started as an experiment. In 2009, it literally had no price – people were just testing this weird new digital money. The first recorded Bitcoin transaction was someone buying two pizzas for 10,000 Bitcoin. Today, those pizzas would be worth hundreds of millions.
By 2013, Bitcoin had climbed to around $100. People who bought in were called crazy by friends and family. "Digital monopoly money," they said. Yet those "crazy" people watched their investment grow 100x over the next few years.

Source: CoinGecko
The First Big Rally (2014-2017)
This is when Bitcoin started getting serious attention. The price swung wildly, dropping to $200 in 2015, then shooting up like a rocket. By late 2017, Bitcoin hit nearly $20,000.
Suddenly, everyone was talking about it. Your dentist was giving you crypto tips. The guy at the grocery store was checking Bitcoin prices on his phone. Classic bubble behaviour.
The Crypto Winter (2018-2020)
Then reality hit. Bitcoin crashed back down to around $3,200 in 2018. All those people who bought near the top? They were underwater big time. Many sold at a loss and swore off crypto forever.
This period taught everyone an important lesson: Bitcoin goes through cycles. Big ups, big downs, and long stretches where not much happens.
The Institutional Era (2021-Present)
Something changed around 2020. Big companies started buying Bitcoin. Tesla put it on their balance sheet. PayPal let customers buy it. Suddenly, this wasn't just for tech nerds anymore.
Bitcoin hit new all-time highs, then crashed again, then recovered. The pattern repeated, but with one key difference: institutional players were now in the game.
Where Bitcoin stands in 2025
Fast forward to today. Bitcoin has been through multiple cycles, survived countless "death" predictions, and keeps bouncing back. But where exactly are we now?
Current market sentiment
The Bitcoin market today feels different from previous cycles. There's less wild speculation and more measured interest. Sure, you still have people expecting Bitcoin to hit a million dollars, but you also have pension funds quietly adding it to their portfolios.
Institutional adoption updates
Major financial institutions now offer Bitcoin services. You can buy Bitcoin ETFs through your regular brokerage account. Companies hold Bitcoin as treasury reserves. This wasn't even imaginable in Bitcoin's early days.
Regulatory landscape
Governments are still figuring out how to handle Bitcoin, but the conversation has shifted. Instead of trying to ban it outright, most are working on regulations. While sure, this creates uncertainty in the short term, but potentially provides more stability long term.
Why people think they've "missed the boat"
Let's be honest about the psychology here. There are real reasons why Bitcoin feels intimidating to newcomers.
Every Bitcoin article mentions someone who became a millionaire from a small investment. These stories are true, but they're also rare. It's like hearing about lottery winners – inspiring but not exactly a strategy.
The media loves extreme stories. "Bitcoin crashes 50%!" gets more clicks than "Bitcoin remains volatile as expected." This creates a distorted view of what normal Bitcoin behaviour looks like.
When Bitcoin costs tens of thousands of dollars, buying "one Bitcoin" feels impossible for most people. But here's what many don't realise: you can buy fractions of Bitcoin. You don't need to buy a whole one.
The case for why it's NOT too late
Let's look at the strongest arguments for Bitcoin still having room to grow.
- Limited supply meets growing demand
There will only ever be 21 million BTC. Ever. This is coded into the system and can't be changed. Meanwhile, more people and institutions want exposure to Bitcoin every year. Basic economics suggests this could push prices higher.
- Digital gold is still emerging
Many investors view Bitcoin as "digital gold" - a store of value for the internet age. Gold has a multi-trillion-dollar market cap. Bitcoin's market cap is much smaller. If Bitcoin really becomes digital gold, there could be significant room for growth.
- Global adoption is just beginning
Most of the world still doesn't own Bitcoin. If adoption continues spreading globally, especially in countries with unstable currencies, demand could increase substantially.
- Technology infrastructure is improving
Bitcoin is becoming easier to buy, store, and use. Better infrastructure typically leads to broader adoption, which could support higher prices over time.
The case for why it MIGHT be too late
Now let's examine the other side honestly.
- Volatility remains extreme
Bitcoin still swings wildly in price. A 20% drop in a day isn't unusual. This kind of volatility makes it unsuitable for many people's financial situations.
- Regulatory uncertainty
Governments could still impose harsh restrictions. While outright bans seem less likely, heavy regulations could limit Bitcoin's growth potential.
- Environmental concerns
Bitcoin mining uses significant energy. As climate concerns grow, this could become a bigger issue for institutional adoption.
- Competition from other technologies
Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency, but it's not the only one. Newer technologies might offer better solutions for digital payments or store-of-value use cases.
Smart approaches to Bitcoin investment
If you're considering Bitcoin, here are strategies others have used.
Dollar-cost averaging
Instead of buying all at once, some people buy a small amount regularly, maybe $50 or $100 per month. This spreads out your purchase price over time, reducing the impact of Bitcoin's volatility.
Think of it like filling up your gas tank. You don't wait for the perfect price, you just buy what you need when you need it.
The "coffee money" strategy
Some people only invest money they'd otherwise spend on small luxuries. Skip the daily coffee shop visit and put that $5 into Bitcoin instead. It's money you wouldn't miss if you lost it.
Set clear time horizons
Bitcoin is volatile short-term but has trended upward over longer periods. People who view it as a long-term hold (5+ years) tend to stress less about daily price movements.
Position sizing that won't ruin your life
A common rule of thumb is never invest more than you can afford to lose completely. For most people, this means Bitcoin should be a small portion of their overall portfolio.
Expert perspectives and market analysis
What are the professionals saying about Bitcoin's future?
Financial advisor views
Traditional financial advisors are split. Some now recommend small Bitcoin allocations (1-5% of a portfolio) as a hedge against inflation and currency debasement. Others remain sceptical due to volatility concerns. DYOR.
Crypto analyst predictions
Crypto analysts range from extremely bullish (predicting six or seven-figure Bitcoin prices) to cautiously optimistic. What most agree on is that Bitcoin will likely remain volatile but could trend higher over very long time periods due to supply-demand metrics.
Historical precedent
Looking at other revolutionary technologies, adoption often happens in waves. The internet, smartphones, and even electricity followed similar patterns: periods of rapid growth followed by corrections, then more growth as the technology matured.
Alternative ways to get Bitcoin exposure
If you’re on the fence and don't have to buy Bitcoin directly, here are other options to consider.
Bitcoin ETFs
Exchange-traded funds let you buy Bitcoin exposure through your regular brokerage account. You don't need to worry about digital wallets or private keys. The downside is that you don't actually own the Bitcoin, you own shares in a fund that owns Bitcoin.
Bitcoin mining stocks
Some companies focus on Bitcoin mining. Their stock prices often correlate with Bitcoin's price but add additional business risks.
Blockchain technology investments
You could invest in companies building blockchain infrastructure rather than Bitcoin itself. This gives you exposure to the broader technology trend.
Common mistakes to avoid
Learn from others' expensive mistakes.
- Investing money you can't afford to lose
This is the big one. Bitcoin can and does lose significant value quickly. Never invest money you need for rent, groceries, or emergencies.
- Trying to time the market perfectly
Waiting for the "perfect" entry point often means never buying at all. Even professional traders struggle to time markets consistently.
- Falling for get-rich-quick schemes
If someone promises guaranteed returns or secret strategies, run the other way. Legitimate Bitcoin investment is boring: buy, hold, and wait.
- Neglecting security
If you buy Bitcoin directly, you're responsible for keeping it safe. Learn about proper storage before you buy, not after.
- Making emotional decisions
Bitcoin's price swings can trigger strong emotions. Having a plan before you invest helps you stick to it when prices get crazy.
How to buy bitcoin safely (if you decide to)
Should you choose to buy Bitcoin, here's how to buy Bitcoin safely through Tap:
- Download the app
- Create an account and complete the verification process
- Open your unique Bitcoin wallet within the app
- Enter the amount you would like to buy
- Confirm the trade, and your BTC will be added to your wallet.

(Psst: here’s a more detailed guide)
The bottom line: making your decision
So, is it too late to buy Bitcoin? Here's what we know for sure:
Bitcoin has gone through multiple cycles where people thought they'd missed out, only to see new opportunities emerge later. The technology has survived longer than most critics expected and continues attracting institutional interest.
At the same time, Bitcoin remains highly volatile and speculative. Past performance doesn't guarantee future results. What worked for early adopters might not work going forward.
Your decision should depend on your personal financial situation, risk tolerance, and investment timeline. If losing your entire Bitcoin investment would seriously impact your life, then it's probably not right for you. If you can afford to lose the money and want exposure to this technology, then the timing question becomes less important.
Remember, there's no rule saying you have to make this decision today. You can take time to learn more, watch how the market develops, and decide later. Sometimes the best investment decision is waiting until you fully understand what you're buying.
Whatever you decide, make sure it's based on your own research and financial situation, and not the fear of missing out or pressure from others. The right choice is the one that lets you sleep well at night.

Badger DAO (BADGER) is a decentralised autonomous organisation focused on building products and infrastructure to bring Bitcoin to decentralised finance (DeFi) ecosystems. In a crypto landscape where Bitcoin and DeFi often exist as separate domains, Badger distinguishes itself by creating bridges that allow Bitcoin holders to participate in Ethereum's DeFi ecosystem without sacrificing their BTC holdings.
Let's explore how this platform is addressing the challenges of Bitcoin integration in DeFi, yield generation, and cross-chain interoperability.
TLDR
- Bitcoin in DeFi: Badger creates infrastructure that allows Bitcoin holders to utilise their BTC within Ethereum's DeFi ecosystem through tokenised Bitcoin assets like WBTC, renBTC, and more.
- Community governance: As a DAO, Badger operates through decentralised governance where BADGER token holders vote on protocol decisions, development, and treasury allocations.
- Multi-product ecosystem: Utilises BadgerDAO (governance), Sett Vaults (yield strategies), and DIGG (elastic supply BTC-pegged token).
What is Badger DAO all about?
Founded in 2020 by Chris Spadafora and a team of DeFi enthusiasts, Badger DAO launched in December 2020 with a fair distribution model that included no pre-sale or venture capital funding. The platform enables Bitcoin holders to use their BTC in DeFi applications while maintaining exposure to Bitcoin's price movements.
It aims to overcome traditional Bitcoin limitations in the DeFi space, such as limited yield opportunities, siloed ecosystems, and technical barriers, and it uses DAO governance to achieve this. The platform's infrastructure allows for yield optimisation on tokenised Bitcoin assets, minimising the complexity for users wanting to earn returns on their BTC holdings within Ethereum's DeFi ecosystem.
In December 2020, Badger conducted its fair launch, distributing BADGER tokens to users who had previously participated in various DeFi protocols. Since then, the platform has continued to evolve, introducing new vaults, strategies, and partnering with other DeFi protocols to maximise Bitcoin holders' opportunities. In 2021, Badger launched DIGG, an elastic supply cryptocurrency that targets a price pegged to Bitcoin.
At the time of writing, it remains one of the notable Bitcoin-focused DeFi platforms in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, bridging the gap between Bitcoin's store of value proposition and Ethereum's DeFi functionality.
How does the Badger platform work?
Badger's core architecture revolves around three main components that work together to provide comprehensive Bitcoin DeFi services:
- BadgerDAO - the governance layer where BADGER token holders vote on protocol decisions and treasury allocations.
- Sett Vaults - yield-generating vaults that automate complex DeFi strategies for tokenised Bitcoin assets.
- DIGG - an elastic supply BTC-pegged token that expands and contracts its supply to maintain a BTC price peg.
The BadgerDAO governance system operates on the Ethereum blockchain, creating a democratic ecosystem where token holders can propose and vote on changes to the protocol. When users deposit their tokenised Bitcoin (like WBTC or renBTC) into Sett Vaults, the assets are deployed across various DeFi protocols to generate yield according to carefully designed strategies.
By distributing the governance process across the community and putting users in control of their yield strategies, Badger promises to deliver security, yield optimisation, and convenience without compromises. Because users can access DeFi opportunities without having to convert their Bitcoin to Ethereum, this makes it an efficient solution for both Bitcoin maximalists and DeFi enthusiasts looking to maximise their returns.
Badger created the BADGER token to be the governance token across its ecosystem, used for voting on protocol changes, directing treasury funds, and incentivising ecosystem participation.
How does Badger DAO protect users’ funds?
Badger employs a robust security architecture where smart contracts undergo thorough audits from multiple security firms. The protocol utilises a timelock for governance changes, allowing users to exit if they disagree with approved changes.
While BadgerDAO has implemented security features like the Badger Audited Vault Evaluator (BAVE) and timelocks for governance changes, it’s important to note the platform experienced a major security incident in December 2021, resulting in the loss of $120 million. Since then, Badger has focused on rebuilding trust through enhanced audits, community governance processes, and security improvements.
The protocol's treasury also maintains a strategic insurance fund to help mitigate potential losses from unforeseen events.
The advantages of the Badger platform
According to the Badger team, the platform significantly reduces the complexity of participating in DeFi with Bitcoin compared to traditional methods. It's also capable of optimising yields across multiple protocols rather than requiring users to manually switch between strategies. This makes it a top solution for Bitcoin holders looking to earn yield while maintaining their Bitcoin exposure.
Beyond that, Badger is designed to address major issues facing Bitcoin in DeFi today: fragmentation and technical barriers. This is done by creating a unified platform where users can interact with various tokenised Bitcoin assets and DeFi protocols through a single interface.
It's also highly inclusive. While many DeFi platforms require extensive technical knowledge, Badger works to provide simple solutions for Bitcoin holders who might otherwise be excluded from DeFi opportunities, potentially bringing yield-generating opportunities to millions of Bitcoin holders.
Following a security exploit in 2021, Badger expanded its offerings with enhanced security features and multi-chain development plans, ensuring that its Bitcoin DeFi solutions remain relevant in the evolving blockchain ecosystem. The platform continues to develop new strategies and partnerships, particularly in bringing Bitcoin liquidity to emerging DeFi protocols and Layer 2 solutions.
BADGER use cases
The Badger network allows individuals and institutions to utilise their Bitcoin holdings within DeFi applications securely and efficiently, whether for yield farming, liquidity provision, or borrowing against BTC without selling it.
It is one of the first platforms to combine Bitcoin's store of value properties with DeFi yield opportunities to create a user-centric system that puts Bitcoin holders in control of their assets while still accessing the benefits of DeFi innovation.
Due to the platform's focus on security and cross-chain functionality, businesses can implement Bitcoin treasury strategies that generate yield without creating unnecessary risk exposure. This provides them with Bitcoin optimisation solutions that protect both the business and its Bitcoin holdings.
How to buy BADGER
If you're looking to incorporate BADGER into your crypto portfolio, users can easily buy and sell the token on the Tap app (after completing the account registration process). Download the app to get started.
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