Welcome to Tap’s weekly crypto market recap. 

Here are the biggest stories from last week (2 - 9 June).

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😐 Bitcoin’s Market Sentiment

Despite the subdued retail interest and historically weak June performance (averaging a 1.9% return), on-chain data showed a surge in whale accumulation: large holders aggressively bought BTC last week, with over 67,000 coins leaving exchanges. 

Institutional investors and crypto whales have been increasing their buying activity, signalling stronger confidence in the market. This kind of accumulation often precedes major price moves and could lead to increased volatility or even spark a rally if the trend continues.

On the technical side, Bitcoin is showing strength: it's trading above both its 50-day and 200-day moving averages, a sign of sustained upward momentum. Last week, it also formed a “golden cross,” where the 50-day moving average crosses above the 200-day. This is widely seen as a bullish indicator that often attracts more buyers.

Read more. 

🏦 Corporate Bitcoin Accumulation on the Rise‍

Institutional appetite continues to grow. The number of public companies holding Bitcoin in their treasuries has jumped to 116, with a combined 809,100 BTC - more than doubling from a year ago. Nearly 100,000 BTC have been added since early April, driven by new fair-value accounting rules and a friendlier U.S. regulatory environment.

Japan’s Metaplanet, now the ninth-largest corporate Bitcoin holder, just added another 1,088 BTC (around $106 million) to its treasury, bringing its total stash to 8,888 BTC. While Strategy, the largest corporate holder of Bitcoin, picked up an additional 705 BTC (~$75 million), funded through equity offerings.

These moves highlight a steady trend: more public companies are treating Bitcoin as a long-term treasury asset.

Read more. 

🔓 Major Token Unlocks and Market Impact 

June is shaping up to be a busy month for token unlocks, with around $3.3 billion in tokens entering circulation. While a 32% drop from May’s inflow, still a hefty amount, and enough to stir volatility in the affected assets.

Some of the biggest unlocks this month include:

• Metars Genesis (MRS): $193M on June 21, aimed at funding AI partnerships
  
  
• Sui (SUI): 44M tokens (~$160M) unlocked on June 1
  
  
• Fasttoken (FTN): 20M tokens (~$88M) released for founders
  
  
• LayerZero (ZRO): 25M tokens (~$71M) allocated to contributors
  
  
• Aptos (APT): 11.31M tokens (~$61M) for contributors and investors
  
  

More notable unlocks through mid-June include Immutable (IMX), Starknet (STRK), Sei (SEI), Arbitrum (ARB), and ApeCoin (APE) - each releasing between $10M and $43M in tokens. With so much supply hitting the market, short-term price moves could follow.

Read more. 

📈 USDC Enters NYSE

Circle, the issuer of USDC, made a splashy debut on the NYSE under the ticker CRCL. Priced at $31, shares opened at $69 and peaked at $103.75, closing around $83.23. The offering raised between $1.05 and $1.1 billion, pushing Circle’s valuation to around $21 billion on a fully diluted basis, marking one of the largest crypto IPOs in recent years and highlighting strong institutional appetite for regulated stablecoin players.

Read more

Stay tuned for next week’s instalment, delivered on Monday mornings. 

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Welcome to Tap’s weekly crypto market recap. 

Here are the biggest stories from last week (26 May - 2 June).

📉Bitcoin Dips Below $104K as Markets Cool, But Ethereum Shows Promise

Bitcoin (BTC) experienced a dip below $104,000 over the weekend, reaching a low of approximately $103,832 before recovering. Despite this decline, BTC has maintained its position above the psychologically significant $100,000 level for over 20 consecutive days. As of June 2, 2025, BTC is trading around $105,371.

Most major cryptocurrencies mirrored Bitcoin's decline. Solana (SOL) and Avalanche (AVAX) experienced notable fluctuations over the past week. As of June 2, 2025, SOL is trading at approximately $155.55, and AVAX at $20.71.

Ethereum (ETH) faced increased selling pressure, possibly from large holders, causing brief dips below the $2,500 threshold. However, ETH quickly rebounded, trading between $2,484 and $2,542 over the weekend. As of June 2, 2025, ETH is priced at approximately $2,507.

Analysts remain optimistic about Ethereum's prospects. Arthur Aziz, founder of B2 Ventures, noted that ETH appears to be forming a bullish ascending triangle pattern, suggesting the cryptocurrency is "coiling for a breakout" toward $3,000. However, he cautions that excessive leverage could trigger sharp declines below key support levels around $2,450–$2,550.

Overall, Bitcoin recovered relatively well this weekend, and Ethereum's resilience and positive technical indicators suggest potential for upward movement in the near term.

💰Crypto Investment Products Hit New Records with $3.3B Weekly Surge

Cryptocurrency investment funds are having their best year ever, pulling in $3.3 billion last week alone and pushing 2025's total to a record-breaking $10.8 billion.

The massive inflows drove total assets under management in crypto ETPs to an all-time high of $187.5 billion, according to CoinShares data. Bitcoin dominated the action, accounting for $2.5 billion of last week's investments as the cryptocurrency climbed above $110,000 for the first time.

Ethereum funds also performed well, adding $1.2 billion in their fifth consecutive week of gains following a successful network upgrade earlier this month. However, XRP bucked the trend, suffering its largest-ever weekly outflow of $37.2 million after an impressive 80-week winning streak.

CoinShares researchers attribute the surge to economic uncertainty, with investors seeking diversification amid concerns over US treasury yields and a recent Moody's downgrade. The strong performance has fully recovered the $7 billion in outflows seen during February and March's market correction.

Read more. 

🏛️Congress Takes Another Shot at Crypto Regulation

After years of regulatory confusion, US lawmakers are making a fresh attempt to clarify who's in charge of overseeing cryptocurrency. Representative French Hill introduced the "Digital Asset Market Clarity Act of 2025" this week, with bipartisan support including three Democratic co-sponsors.

The bill tackles the biggest headache in crypto regulation: which federal agency handles what. Currently, the SEC and CFTC often clash over jurisdiction, leaving companies uncertain about which rules to follow. The CLARITY Act aims to draw clearer lines between their responsibilities.

Key provisions include new requirements for crypto developers to fully disclose how their projects work, who owns them, and how they're structured. Companies dealing directly with customers (like brokers and exchanges) would face stricter rules around transparency and protecting customer funds.

Whether this latest attempt succeeds where others have failed remains to be seen, but it signals continued momentum toward comprehensive crypto regulation.

See the Bill here.

🕵️‍♂️ Second Person Arrested in NYC Bitcoin Kidnapping Case

In a case that reads like a harrowing thriller, police have arrested a second suspect in a shocking Bitcoin theft case that unfolded in Manhattan last week. William Duplessie, 33, turned himself in after another suspect had already been caught.

The victim, an Italian man named Michael Valentino Teofrasto Carturan, was held prisoner for almost three weeks in a $75,000-a-month New York townhouse. His captors wanted the password to his Bitcoin wallet, which contained millions of dollars worth of cryptocurrency.

It is alleged that Carturan and one of the suspects, John Woeltz, used to work together at a crypto investment company but had a falling out over money. Woeltz convinced Carturan to return to New York, where he was then kidnapped and tortured until he escaped and found help from a traffic officer.

This case is part of a growing problem called "wrench attacks", where criminals use physical violence to steal people's cryptocurrency instead of trying to hack their computers. Similar attacks have been happening around the world, especially in France.

Read more.

Stay tuned for next week’s instalment, delivered on Mondays.

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Decoding the disconnect: America's cautious approach to crypto
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Bitcoin and the broader crypto market have soared to a staggering $2.1 trillion in value, but why does skepticism still linger among so many Americans? 

Despite increasing adoption, digital currencies remain shrouded in doubt, revealing a significant trust gap that continues to challenge the industry. As cryptocurrencies become more woven into everyday financial transactions, closing this trust deficit is essential for ensuring sustained growth and mainstream acceptance.

In this article, we'll dive into the key reasons behind this persistent mistrust, uncover the expanding real-world uses of digital assets, and explore how education and technological advancements can help bridge the confidence gap. Keep in mind, the data presented draws from multiple studies, so some figures and age groupings may vary slightly.

A Look at the Current State of Crypto Trust

To truly understand cryptocurrency adoption and the accompanying trust issues, it’s essential to examine the latest statistics and demographic data. This section breaks down public sentiment toward crypto and provides a snapshot of its user base.

General Public Sentiment

Percentage of Americans Who Own Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency adoption has seen slow but steady growth over the years. According to surveys conducted by Pew Research Center in 2021 and 2023, 17% of Americans have invested in, traded, or used cryptocurrency, up slightly from 16% in 2021. 

While estimates vary, Security.org places this figure higher, estimating that roughly 40% of the U.S. population - around 93 million adults - own some form of cryptocurrency.

Both studies agree that younger generations are driving much of this growth, with 30% of Americans aged 18-29 reporting they have experience with crypto.

Trust Levels in Cryptocurrency

Despite rising adoption rates, trust in cryptocurrency remains a significant hurdle. Pew Research Center found that 75% of Americans have little or no confidence that cryptocurrency exchanges can safeguard their funds. Similarly, a recent report by Morning Consult shows that 7 in 10 consumers familiar with crypto express low or no trust in it. 

This contrasts the 31% who have some or high trust, or the 24% in the Pew study who are “somewhat” to “extremely” confident in cryptocurrencies.

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Demographics of Crypto Adopters

1. Age Groups

Cryptocurrency adoption trends reveal a distinct generational divide. According to the 2023 Morning Consult survey, Gen Z adults (ages 18-25) lead in crypto ownership at 36%, closely followed by Millennials at 30%. 

These younger groups are also more inclined toward future investments, with 39% of Gen Z and 45% of Millennials planning to invest in crypto in the coming years. Over half of both generations view cryptocurrency and blockchain as the future, while a notable percentage (27% of Gen Z and 21% of Millennials) considered opening an account with a crypto exchange in the past year.

When compared to other asset classes, data from Bankrate’s 2021 survey reveals that younger Millennials (ages 25-31) favor real estate and stock market investments, while Baby Boomers have the least interest in cryptocurrency. Older Millennials (32-40) lean toward cash investments, with cryptocurrency’s appeal steadily declining with age.

Interestingly, the report also highlights gender differences, showing that 80% of women familiar with crypto express low confidence, compared to 71% of men, indicating a broader trust gap among female users.

2. Income Levels

Contrary to common assumptions, cryptocurrency adoption is not confined to high-income individuals. The same Pew Research Center survey revealed that crypto ownership is relatively evenly spread across income brackets:

• 13% of those earning less than $56,600 annually own crypto.
• 19% of those earning between $56,600 and $169,800 own crypto.
• 22% of those earning over $169,800 own crypto.

This data suggests that while higher earners may be more inclined to own cryptocurrency, the appeal of digital assets spans various income levels.

3. Educational Background

Education also plays a role in crypto adoption. A 2022 report by Triple-A found that the majority of crypto owners are “highly educated”:

• 24% of crypto owners have graduated from middle or high school.
• 10% have some vocational or college education.
• 39% are college graduates.
• 27% hold postgraduate degrees.

This shows that while those with some college education or a degree are more likely to own crypto, it is not exclusively a pursuit of the highly educated.

This demographic data paints a picture of cryptocurrency adopters as predominantly younger, spread across a range of income levels, and with diverse educational backgrounds. However, the trust gap between crypto and traditional financial systems remains a significant barrier to wider acceptance of digital assets.

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Key Trust Barriers

To bridge the gap between cryptocurrency adoption and trust, it’s crucial to understand the major concerns fueling skepticism. This section explores these concerns and contrasts them with similar risks in traditional financial systems.

The Primary Concerns of Skeptics

Volatility

One of the most significant barriers to cryptocurrency adoption is its notorious volatility, particularly for investors seeking stable, long-term assets. Bitcoin, the most well-known cryptocurrency, symbolizes this risk.

In 2022, Bitcoin’s volatility was stark. Its 30-day volatility reached 64.02% in June, driven by broader economic uncertainty and market downturns, compared to the S&P 500’s much lower volatility of 4.71% during the same period. 

Over the course of the year, Bitcoin’s price swung from a peak of $47,835 to a low of $18,490, marking a substantial 61% decline from its highest point in 2022. Factors such as rising interest rates, geopolitical tensions, and major crypto market disruptions, like the TerraUSD collapse and Celsius’ liquidity crisis, played a pivotal role.

This extreme volatility reinforces the perception of cryptocurrencies as high-risk investments.

However, traditional stock markets, while typically more stable than crypto, can also experience sharp fluctuations, especially in times of economic stress. For instance, the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), which measures expected near-term volatility in the U.S. stock market, dropped by 23% to 28.71 on June 30, 2022, far below the 82.69 peak recorded during the early COVID-19 market turbulence in March 2020. This shows that even stock markets, generally seen as safer, can experience moments of intense volatility, particularly during global crises.

Additionally, when compared to the "Magnificent Seven" (a group of top-performing and influential stocks) Bitcoin’s volatility doesn't stand out as unusual. In fact, over the past two years, Bitcoin has shown less volatility than Netflix (NFLX) stock. 

On a 90-day timeframe, NFLX had an average realized volatility of 53%, while Bitcoin’s was slightly lower at 46%. The reality is that among all S&P 500 companies, Bitcoin has demonstrated lower annualized historical volatility than 33 of the 503 constituents. 

In October 2023, Bitcoin was actually less volatile than 92 stocks in the S&P 500, based on 90-day realized historical volatility figures, including some large-cap and mega-cap companies.

Security

Security concerns are another major hurdle in building trust with cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets have been targeted by numerous high-profile hacks and frauds, raising doubts about the safety of digital assets. It comes as no surprise that a study from Morning Consult found that 67% of Americans believe having a secure and trustworthy platform is essential to entering the crypto market.

While security threats in the crypto space are well-documented, traditional banking systems are not immune to fraud either. Federal Trade Commission data reveals that consumer fraud losses in the traditional financial sector hit a record high of $10 billion in 2023, marking a 14% increase from the previous year.

 Although traditional banks have more safeguards in place to protect consumers, they remain vulnerable to attacks, showing that security is a universal challenge across both crypto and traditional finance. 

Prevention remains key, which in this case equates to using only reliable platforms or hardwallets. 

Regulatory Uncertainty

Regulatory ambiguity continues to be a critical barrier for both cryptocurrency investors and businesses. The evolving landscape creates uncertainty about the future of digital assets.

Currently, cryptocurrency is legal in 119 countries and four British Overseas Territories, covering more than half of the world’s nations. Notably, 64.7% of these countries are emerging and developing economies, primarily in Asia and Africa. 

However, only 62 of these 119 countries (52.1%) have comprehensive regulations in place. This represents significant growth from 2018, when only 33 jurisdictions had formal regulations, showing a 53.2% increase, but still falls short in creating a sense of “unified safety”.

In the United States, regulatory views remain fragmented. Various agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), have conflicting perspectives on how to classify and regulate cryptocurrencies. Since 2019, the SEC has filed over 116 crypto-related lawsuits, adding to the regulatory uncertainty faced by the industry.

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The Growing Integration Of Digital Assets In Daily Life

As we progress further into the digital age, cryptocurrencies and digital assets are increasingly becoming part of our everyday financial transactions. This shift is driven by two key developments: the rise of crypto payment options and the growing adoption of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs).

According to a MatrixPort report, global cryptocurrency adoption has now reached 7.51% of the population, underscoring the expanding influence of digital currencies worldwide. By 2025, this rate is expected to surpass 8%, signaling a potential shift from niche usage to mainstream acceptance.

The list of major retailers embracing cryptocurrency as a payment method continues to grow. Some notable companies now accepting crypto include:

• Microsoft: Accepts Bitcoin for Xbox store credits.
• AT&T: The first major U.S. mobile carrier to accept crypto payments.
• Whole Foods: Accepts Bitcoin via the Spedn app.
• Overstock: One of the first major retailers to accept Bitcoin.
• Starbucks: Allows customers to load their Starbucks cards with Bitcoin through the Bakkt app.

A 2022 Deloitte survey revealed that nearly 75% of retailers plan to accept either cryptocurrency or stablecoin payments within the next two years. This trend highlights the growing mainstream acceptance of digital assets as a legitimate payment method.

Crypto-backed debit cards are further bridging the gap between digital assets and everyday transactions. These cards enable users to spend their cryptocurrency at any merchant that accepts traditional debit cards. 

According to Factual Market Research, the global crypto card market is projected to reach $9.5 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 31.6% from 2021 to 2030. This growth reflects the increasing popularity of crypto-backed debit cards as a way for consumers to integrate their digital assets into daily spending.

The Rise of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)

Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) represent digital versions of a country’s fiat currency, issued and regulated by the national monetary authority. In 2024, the global progress of CBDCs has seen a significant uptick, with marked advances in both research and adoption. As of this year:

• 11 countries have fully launched CBDCs, including the Bahamas, Nigeria, Jamaica, and China.
• 44 countries are conducting pilot programs, up from 36, reflecting growing interest in testing the functionality and stability of digital currencies.
• 66 nations are at advanced stages of CBDC development, contributing to a global landscape where 134 countries (accounting for 98% of the world’s economy) are engaged in CBDC projects.

In the United States, the Federal Reserve is exploring the feasibility of a CBDC through Project Hamilton, a collaborative research initiative with MIT. This exploration aligns with broader goals to reduce reliance on cash, enhance financial inclusion, and improve control over national monetary systems amid the rise of digital payments and cryptocurrencies.

The introduction of CBDCs could significantly reshape daily financial transactions in several ways:

• Increased financial inclusion: CBDCs could offer digital payment access to the 1.4 billion adults who remain unbanked, according to World Bank estimates.
• Faster and cheaper transactions: CBDCs could streamline both domestic and cross-border payments, reducing costs and settlement times.
• Enhanced monetary policy: Central banks would gain more direct control over money supply and circulation.
• Improved traceability: CBDCs could help combat financial crimes and reduce tax evasion by providing greater transaction transparency.

However, challenges persist, including concerns about privacy, cybersecurity risks, and the potential disruption of existing banking systems.

As digital assets continue to integrate into everyday life, they hold the potential to transform how we think about and use money. Despite these challenges, trends in both private cryptocurrency adoption and CBDC development point to a future where digital assets play a central role in our financial systems.

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Building Trust Through Technology and Education

According to the 2023 Web3 UI/UX Report, nearly 48% of users cite security concerns and asset protection as the primary barriers to crypto adoption. Other challenges include high transaction fees and the steep learning curve needed to fully grasp both the technology and its benefits.

Despite these obstacles, the blockchain sector has made significant strides as it matures, particularly in enhancing security. Hack-related losses in the crypto market dropped from $3.7 billion in 2022 to $1.8 billion in 2023, underscoring the progress in safeguarding digital assets.

The increased adoption of offline hardware wallets and multi-signature wallets, both of which add critical layers of security, reflects this momentum. Advances in smart contract auditing tools and stronger compliance standards are also minimizing risks, creating a safer environment for both users and institutions. 

These improvements highlight the industry’s commitment to establishing a more secure foundation for digital transactions and bolstering confidence in blockchain as a reliable financial technology.

In another positive development, in May 2023, the European Council approved the first comprehensive legal framework for the cryptocurrency industry. This legislation sets a new standard for regulatory transparency and oversight, further reinforcing trust.

Financial Literacy Initiatives

The rise of crypto education in the U.S. is playing a pivotal role in increasing public understanding and encouraging adoption. Programs such as Coinbase Earn aim to simplify the onboarding process for new users, directly addressing the complexity and security concerns that often deter people from engaging with crypto.

According to recent data, 43% of respondents feel that insufficient knowledge is a key reason they avoid the sector, highlighting the ongoing need for crypto-related learning. 

Additionally, Chainalysis' 2024 Global Crypto Adoption Index noted a significant increase in crypto interest following the launch of spot Bitcoin ETFs in the U.S. earlier in the year. This development enabled investors to trade ETF shares tied to Bitcoin directly on stock exchanges, making it easier to enter the market without needing extensive technical expertise - thus driving a surge in adoption.

These advancements in security and education are gradually fostering greater trust in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. As the sector continues to evolve, these efforts may pave the way for broader adoption and deeper integration of digital assets into daily financial life.

The Future of Digital Asset Adoption

As digital assets continue to evolve and capture mainstream attention, their potential to transform the financial landscape is becoming increasingly evident. From late 2023 through early 2024, global crypto transaction volumes surged, surpassing the peaks of the 2021 bull market (as illustrated below).

Interestingly, much of this growth in adoption was driven by lower-middle income countries, highlighting the global reach of digital assets.

Below, we explore projections for cryptocurrency usage and its potential impact on traditional banking and finance.

Projections for Crypto Usage in the Next 5-10 Years

Several studies and reports offer insights into the expected growth of cryptocurrency over the next decade:

Global Adoption
The global cryptocurrency market revenue is projected to reach approximately $56.7 billion in 2024, with the United States leading the charge, expected to generate around $9.8 billion in revenue. Statista predicts the number of global crypto users will hit 861 million by 2025, marking a significant shift toward mainstream use.

Institutional Adoption
The 2023 Institutional Investor Digital Assets Study found that 65% of the 1,042 institutional investors surveyed plan to buy or invest in digital assets in the future. 

As of 2024, digital currency usage among U.S. organisations is expanding, particularly in sectors such as finance, retail, and technology. Hundreds of financial services and fintech firms are now involved in digital assets, whether in payment processing, investments, or blockchain-based applications. This includes major companies utilising cryptocurrencies as stored value and exploring stablecoin use cases to enhance transaction efficiency.

Notably, major U.S. companies are increasingly engaging with blockchain and digital assets, as regulatory clarity improves and security concerns are addressed.

Retail Adoption
At present, about 85% of major retailers generating over $1 billion in annual online sales accept cryptocurrency payments. In contrast, 23% of mid-sized retailers, with online sales between $250 million and $1 billion, currently accept crypto payments. This growing trend points to an expanding role for digital assets in retail, especially among large-scale businesses.

Potential Impact on Traditional Banking and Finance

The rise of digital asset utilisation is poised to reshape traditional banking systems in multiple areas. For starters, the growth of blockchain technology and digitised financial services is driving the decentralised finance (DeFi) market, which is projected to reach $450 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 46%.

In Q3 2024 alone, trading on decentralised exchanges surpassed $100 billion, marking the third consecutive month of growth in trading volume. This trend underscores the increasing interest and activity in the decentralised finance space.

As Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are likely to be adopted by 80% of central banks by 2030, the role of commercial banks in money distribution could diminish significantly. Meanwhile, blockchain technology and stablecoins are expected to revolutionise cross-border B2B payments, with 20% of these transactions powered by blockchain by 2025. Stablecoin payment volumes are projected to hit $620 billion by 2026.

Furthermore, the investment landscape is set to evolve as asset tokenisation scales, potentially reaching a value of $16 trillion, making crypto a standard component in investment portfolios. 

With regulatory clarity expected to improve - more than half of financial institutions anticipate clearer rules within the next three years - crypto integration is likely to become more widespread. These developments emphasise the transformative potential of digital assets across payments, investments, and financial structures globally.

Bridging the trust gap in crypto adoption

The cryptocurrency landscape is experiencing a surge in institutional interest, which could be a pivotal moment for integrating digital assets into traditional finance. Financial giants like BlackRock are at the forefront of this movement, signaling a shift in mainstream perception and adoption of cryptocurrencies.

Historically, the introduction of new investment vehicles around Bitcoin has spurred market growth. As Markus Thielen, founder of 10x Research, highlights, the launch of spot ETFs could bring about a new wave of institutional involvement, potentially driving the next phase of market expansion.

This growing institutional momentum, combined with evolving regulatory frameworks, is reshaping the crypto ecosystem. However, a key question remains: Will these developments be enough to close the trust gap and push cryptocurrencies into mainstream adoption?

As we stand at this crossroads, the future of digital assets hangs in the balance. The coming years will be critical in determining whether cryptocurrencies can overcome persistent skepticism and fully integrate into the global financial system, or if they will remain a niche, yet impactful, financial instrument.
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The financial world is undergoing a significant transformation, largely driven by Millennials and Gen Z. These digital-native generations are embracing cryptocurrencies at an unprecedented rate, challenging traditional financial systems and catalysing a shift toward new forms of digital finance, redefining how we perceive and interact with money.

This movement is not just a fleeting trend but a fundamental change that is redefining how we perceive and interact with money.

Digital Natives Leading the Way

Growing up in the digital age, Millennials (born 1981-1996) and Gen Z (born 1997-2012) are inherently comfortable with technology. This familiarity extends to their financial behaviours, with a noticeable inclination toward adopting innovative solutions like cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology.

According to the Grayscale Investments and Harris Poll Report which studied Americans, 44% agree that “crypto and blockchain technology are the future of finance.” Looking more closely at the demographics, Millenials and Gen Z’s expressed the highest levels of enthusiasm, underscoring the pivotal role younger generations play in driving cryptocurrency adoption.

Desire for Financial Empowerment and Inclusion

Economic challenges such as the 2008 financial crisis and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have shaped these generations' perspectives on traditional finance. There's a growing scepticism toward conventional financial institutions and a desire for greater control over personal finances.

The Grayscale-Harris Poll found that 23% of those surveyed believe that cryptocurrencies are a long-term investment, up from 19% the previous year. The report also found that 41% of participants are currently paying more attention to Bitcoin and other crypto assets because of geopolitical tensions, inflation, and a weakening US dollar (up from  34%). 

This sentiment fuels engagement with cryptocurrencies as viable investment assets and tools for financial empowerment.

Influence on Market Dynamics

The collective financial influence of Millennials and Gen Z is significant. Their active participation in cryptocurrency markets contributes to increased liquidity and shapes market trends. Social media platforms like Reddit, Twitter, and TikTok have become pivotal in disseminating information and investment strategies among these generations.

The rise of cryptocurrencies like Dogecoin and Shiba Inu demonstrates how younger investors leverage online communities to impact financial markets². This phenomenon shows their ability to mobilise and drive market movements, challenging traditional investment paradigms.

Embracing Innovation and Technological Advancement

Cryptocurrencies represent more than just investment opportunities; they embody technological innovation that resonates with Millennials and Gen Z. Blockchain technology and digital assets are areas where these generations are not only users but also contributors.

A 2021 survey by Pew Research Center indicated that 31% of Americans aged 18-29 have invested in, traded, or used cryptocurrency, compared to just 8% of those aged 50-64. This significant disparity highlights the generational embrace of digital assets and the technologies underpinning them.

Impact on Traditional Financial Institutions

The shift toward cryptocurrencies is prompting traditional financial institutions to adapt. Banks, investment firms, and payment platforms are increasingly integrating crypto services to meet the evolving demands of younger clients.

Companies like PayPal and Square have expanded their cryptocurrency offerings, allowing users to buy, hold, and sell cryptocurrencies directly from their platforms. These developments signify the financial industry's recognition of the growing importance of cryptocurrencies.

Challenges and Considerations

While enthusiasm is high, challenges such as regulatory uncertainties, security concerns, and market volatility remain. However, Millennials and Gen Z appear willing to navigate these risks, drawn by the potential rewards and alignment with their values of innovation and financial autonomy.

In summary

Millennials and Gen Z are redefining the financial landscape, with their embrace of cryptocurrencies serving as a catalyst for broader change. This isn't just about alternative investments; it's a shift in how younger generations view financial systems and their place within them. Their drive for autonomy, transparency, and technological integration is pushing traditional institutions to innovate rapidly.

This generational influence extends beyond personal finance, potentially reshaping global economic structures. For industry players, from established banks to fintech startups, adapting to these changing preferences isn't just advantageous—it's essential for long-term viability.

As cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology mature, we're likely to see further transformations in how society interacts with money. Those who can navigate this evolving landscape, balancing innovation with stability, will be well-positioned for the future of finance. It's a complex shift, but one that offers exciting possibilities for a more inclusive and technologically advanced financial ecosystem. The financial world is changing, and it's the young guns who are calling the shots.

What is the "Travel Rule"?

You might have heard of the "Travel Rule" before, but do you know what it actually mean? Well, let me break it down for you. The Travel Rule, also known as FATF Recommendation 16, is a set of measures aimed at combating money laundering and terrorism financing through financial transactions.

So, why is it called the Travel Rule? It's because the personal data of the transacting parties "travels" with the transfers, making it easier for authorities to monitor and regulate these transactions. See, now it all makes sense!

The Travel Rule applies to financial institutions engaged in virtual asset transfers and crypto companies, collectively referred to as virtual asset service providers (VASPs). These VASPs have to obtain and share "required and accurate originator information and required beneficiary information" with counterparty VASPs or financial institutions during or before the transaction.

To make things more practical, the FATF recommends that countries adopt a de minimis threshold of 1,000 USD/EUR for virtual asset transfers. This means that transactions below this threshold would have fewer requirements compared to those exceeding it.

For transfers of Virtual Assets falling below the de minimis threshold, Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) are required to gather:

• The identities of the sender (originator) and receiver (beneficiary).
• Either the wallet address associated with each transaction involving Virtual Assets (VAs) or a unique reference number assigned to the transaction.
• Verification of this gathered data is not obligatory, unless any suspicious circumstances concerning money laundering or terrorism financing arise. In such instances, it becomes essential to verify customer information.
  

Conversely, for transfers surpassing the de minimis threshold, VASPs are obligated to collect more extensive particulars, encompassing:

• Full name of the sender (originator).
• The account number employed by the sender (originator) for processing the transaction, such as a wallet address.
• The physical (geographical) address of the sender (originator), national identity number, a customer identification number that uniquely distinguishes the sender to the ordering institution, or details like date and place of birth.
• Name of the receiver (beneficiary).
• Account number of the receiver (beneficiary) utilized for transaction processing, similar to a wallet address.

By following these guidelines, virtual asset service providers can contribute to a safer and more transparent virtual asset ecosystem while complying with international regulations on anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism. It's all about ensuring the integrity of financial transactions and safeguarding against illicit activities.

Implementation of the Travel Rule in the United Kingdom

A notable shift is anticipated in the United Kingdom's oversight of the virtual asset sector, commencing September 1, 2023.

This seminal development comes in the form of the Travel Rule, which falls under Part 7A of the Money Laundering Regulations 2017. Designed to combat money laundering and terrorist financing within the virtual asset industry, this new regulation expands the information-sharing requirements for wire transfers to encompass virtual asset transfers.

The HM Treasury of the UK has meticulously customized the provisions of the revised Wire Transfer Regulations to cater to the unique demands of the virtual asset sector. This underscores the government's unwavering commitment to fostering a secure and transparent financial ecosystem. Concurrently, it signals their resolve to enable the virtual asset industry to flourish.

The Travel Rule itself originates from the updated version of the Financial Action Task Force's recommendation on information-sharing requirements for wire transfers. By extending these recommendations to cover virtual asset transfers, the UK aspires to significantly mitigate the risk of illicit activities within the sector.

Undoubtedly, the Travel Rule heralds a landmark stride forward in regulating the virtual asset industry in the UK. By extending the ambit of information-sharing requirements and fortifying oversight over virtual asset firms‍

Implementation of the Travel Rule in the European Union‍

Prepare yourself, as a new regulation called the Travel Rule is set to be introduced in the world of virtual assets within the European Union. Effective from December 30, 2024, this rule will take effect precisely 18 months after the initial enforcement of the Transfer of Funds Regulation.

Let's delve into the details of the Travel Rule. When it comes to information requirements, there will be no distinction made between cross-border transfers and transfers within the EU. The revised Transfer of Funds regulation recognizes all virtual asset transfers as cross-border, acknowledging the borderless nature and global reach of such transactions and services.

Now, let's discuss compliance obligations. To ensure adherence to these regulations, European Crypto Asset Service Providers (CASPs) must comply with certain measures. For transactions exceeding 1,000 EUR with self-hosted wallets, CASPs are obligated to collect crucial originator and beneficiary information. Additionally, CASPs are required to fulfill additional wallet verification obligations.

The implementation of these measures within the European Union aims to enhance transparency and mitigate potential risks associated with virtual asset transfers. For individuals involved in this domain, it is of utmost importance to stay informed and adhere to these new guidelines in order to ensure compliance.

‍What does the travel rules means to me as user? ‍

As a user in the virtual asset industry, the implementation of the Travel Rule brings some significant changes that are designed to enhance the security and transparency of financial transactions. This means that when you engage in virtual asset transfers, certain personal information will now be shared between the involved parties. While this might sound intrusive at first, it plays a crucial role in combating fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing.

The Travel Rule aims to create a safer environment for individuals like you by reducing the risks associated with illicit activities. This means that you can have greater confidence in the legitimacy of the virtual asset transactions you engage in. The regulation aims to weed out illicit activities and promote a level playing field for legitimate users. This fosters trust and confidence among users, attracting more participants and further driving the growth and development of the industry.

However, it's important to note that complying with this rule may require you to provide additional information to virtual asset service providers. Your privacy and the protection of your personal data remain paramount, and service providers are bound by strict regulations to ensure the security of your information.

In summary, the Travel Rule is a positive development for digital asset users like yourself, as it contributes to a more secure and trustworthy virtual asset industry.

‍Unlocking Compliance and Seamless Experiences: Tap's Proactive Approach to Upcoming Regulations‍

Tap is fully committed to upholding regulatory compliance, while also prioritizing a seamless and enjoyable customer experience. In order to achieve this delicate balance, Tap has proactively sought out partnerships with trusted solution providers and is actively engaged in industry working groups. By collaborating with experts in the field, Tap ensures it remains on the cutting edge of best practices and innovative solutions.

These efforts not only demonstrate Tap's dedication to compliance, but also contribute to creating a secure and transparent environment for its users. By staying ahead of the curve, Tap can foster trust and confidence in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, reassuring customers that their financial transactions are safe and protected.

But Tap's commitment to compliance doesn't mean sacrificing user experience. On the contrary, Tap understands the importance of providing a seamless journey for its customers. This means that while regulatory requirements may be changing, Tap is working diligently to ensure that users can continue to enjoy a smooth and hassle-free experience.

By combining a proactive approach to compliance with a determination to maintain user satisfaction, Tap is setting itself apart as a trusted leader in the financial technology industry.  So rest assured, as Tap evolves in response to new regulations, your experience as a customer will remain top-notch and worry-free.

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Since the debut of Bitcoin in 2009, central banks have been living in fear of the disruptive technology that is cryptocurrency. Distributed ledger technology has revolutionized the digital world and has continued to challenge the corruption of central bank morals. 

Financial institutions can’t beat or control cryptocurrency, so they are joining them in creating digital currencies. Governments have now been embracing digital currencies in the form of CBDCs, otherwise known as central bank digital currencies. 

Central bank digital currencies are digital tokens, similar to cryptocurrency, issued by a central bank. They are pegged to the value of that country's fiat currency, acting as a digital currency version of the national currency. CBDCs are created and regulated by a country's central bank and monetary authorities.

A central bank digital currency is generally created for a sense of financial inclusion and to improve the application of monetary and fiscal policy. Central banks adopting currency in digital form presents great benefits for the federal reserve system as well as citizens, but there are some cons lurking behind the central bank digital currency facade.

Types of central bank digital currencies

While the concept of a central bank digital currency is quite easy to understand, there are layers to central bank money in its digital form. Before we take a deep dive into the possibilities presented by the central banks and their digital money, we will break down the different types of central bank digital currencies. 

Wholesale CBDCs

Wholesale central bank digital currencies are targeted at financial institutions, whereby reserve balances are held within a central bank. This integration assists the financial system and institutions in improving payment systems and security payment efficiency. 

This is much simpler than rolling out a central bank digital currency to the whole country but provides support for large businesses when they want to transfer money. These digital payments would also act as a digital ledger and aid in the avoidance of money laundering.

Retail CBDCs

A retail central bank digital currency refers to government-backed digital assets used between businesses and customers. This type of central bank digital currency is aimed at traditional currency, acting as a digital version of physical currency. These digital assets would allow retail payment systems, direct P2P CBDC transactions, as well as international settlements among businesses. It would be similar to having a bank account, where you could digitally transfer money through commercial banks, except the currency would be in the form of a digital yuan or euro, rather than the federal reserve of currency held by central banks.

Pros and cons of a central bank digital currency (CBDC)

Central banks are looking for ways to keep their money in the country, as opposed to it being spent on buying cryptocurrencies, thus losing it to a global market. As digital currencies become more popular, each central bank must decide whether they want to fight it or profit from the potential. Regardless of adoption, central banks creating their own digital currencies comes with benefits and disadvantages to users that you need to know. 

Pros of central bank digital currency (CBDC)

• Cross border payments
• Track money laundering activity 
• Secure international monetary fund
• Reduces risk of commercial bank collapse 
• Cheaper
• More secure
• Promotes financial inclusion

Cons of central bank digital currency (CDBC)

• Central banks have complete control
• No anonymity of digital currency transfers
• Cybersecurity issues 
• Price reliant on fiat currency equivalent 
• Physical money may be eliminated 
• Ban of distributed ledger technology and cryptocurrency

Central bank digital currency conclusion

Central bank money in an electronic form has been a big debate in the blockchain technology space, with so many countries considering the possibility. The European Central Bank, as well as other central banks, have been considering the possibility of central bank digital currencies as a means of improving the financial system. The Chinese government is in the midst of testing out their e-CNY, which some are calling the digital yuan. They have seen great success so far, but only after completely banning Bitcoin trading.

There is a lot of good that can come from CBDCs, but the benefits are mostly for the federal reserve system and central banks. Bank-account holders and citizens may have their privacy compromised and their investment options limited if the world adopts CBDCs.

It's important to remember that central bank digital currencies are not cryptocurrencies. They do not compete with cryptocurrencies and the benefits of blockchain technology. Their limited use cases can only be applied when reinforced by a financial system authority. Only time will tell if CBDCs will succeed, but right now you can appreciate the advantages brought to you by crypto.

Welcome to this week's Crypto Update, your go-to destination for the latest news in the exciting world of cryptocurrencies. Let's dive right into the highlights of the past week in the dynamic crypto market.

Etherscan's AI Tool for Smart Contracts: 

Etherscan has launched Code Reader, an advanced tool that utilizes AI to retrieve and interpret source code from specific Ethereum contract addresses. Code Reader leverages OpenAI's powerful language model to generate comprehensive insights into contract source code files. The tool allows users to gain a deeper understanding of contract code, access comprehensive lists of smart contract functions, and explore contract interactions with decentralized applications. To access and utilize Code Reader, users need a valid OpenAI API Key and sufficient OpenAI usage limits. However, researchers caution about the challenges posed by current AI models, including computing power limitations, data synchronization, network optimization, and privacy concerns.

SEC's increased scrutiny on cryptocurrencies sparks debate: 

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) increased scrutiny has led to a prominent debate concerning the future of XRP and Ethereum. Max Keiser, a well-known Bitcoin advocate, predicts the downfall of XRP and Ethereum due to regulatory overreach. In contrast, John Deaton, representing XRP holders, opposes this view, arguing for a more balanced regulatory approach. The cryptocurrency community is now anxiously awaiting regulatory clarity, as the SEC's actions remain unpredictable​.

​​It's important to note that the regulatory environment is constantly evolving and can have significant impacts on the cryptocurrency market, including Ethereum. Therefore, it is advisable to stay informed about the latest developments.

A Call for Clarity: Federal reserve governor advocates for clearer crypto regulations:

Michelle Bowman, a Federal Reserve Governor, has urged global regulators to establish clearer regulations for emerging banking activities, particularly banking as a service and digital assets. She emphasized the need for a well-defined regulatory framework to address the supervisory void and uncertainties that financial institutions currently face. Bowman's call aligns with the growing demand for enhanced regulation of digital assets. A robust and comprehensive regulatory framework is crucial for ensuring the stability and integrity of the banking sector, mitigating risks, protecting consumers, and fostering innovation​. 

Turkish lira hit a record low against the US dollar

The Turkish lira hit a historic low, trading at 25.74 per US dollar, following Turkey's central bank decision to raise interest rates by 650 basis points to 15%. While the hike was expected, it fell short of the anticipated 21%, and analysts believe a larger increase was needed to show the government's resolve to fight inflation. The lira's devaluation has been part of a larger trend, prompting citizens to invest in alternative assets like digital currencies and gold. The central bank, now under new leadership, has adopted a more gradual approach to rate adjustments, seeking to stabilize the economy. However, the uncertainty surrounding Turkey's economic future persists​.

Biggest Movers on Tap - Last 7 days

The recent fall of FTX comes with devastating consequences to many, cooling the conditions of an already chilly crypto winter. While the loss of consumer funds and the drop in crypto prices across the board are detrimental to many in the new-age financial system and it’s anticipation of regulators’ reactions that are adding to the hysteria. 

After taking a deep dive into exactly what happened at FTX, we take a look at the response from regulators and what this is likely to mean for the greater crypto industry. 

The FTX death spiral and its effects on the crypto financial system

The history

To understand the full demise of FTX, one needs to understand its history. In 2019, when FTX launched, Binance was a prominent investor and partner. CEOs, Sam Bankman-Fried (FTX) and Changpeng Zhao (Binance) had a mutually beneficial strategic partnership and amicable relationship.

This soured as FTX grew in size and they became the two top centralized entities in the crypto ecosystem, and ultimately largest competitors. Just last year, both exchanges accounted for roughly 30% of trading volume on crypto exchanges, accounting for over $27.5 trillion. 

The breakup

In 2021, things reached a pinnacle point in their relationship and FTX bought Binance out of the partnership, paying $2.1 billion, much of that with FTT, the platform’s native token. Fast forward to November 2022 and Changpeng Zhao (CZ) tweeted that he would be liquidating the FTT crypto assets as a result of Sam Bankman-Fried speaking ill of Binance to regulators and other “recent revelations”. 

The allegations

It is believed these revelations were that FTX’s sister trading company, Alameda Research, was in financial trouble, an allegation made by Coindesk and Mike Burgersburg, the man who accurately predicted the Celsius crash. At this point, we should mention that Alameda and FTX’s combined FTT holdings account for 75% of the entire supply. 

With Binance announcing that they were going to sell their crypto assets, accounting for 7.4% of the entire FTT supply, shockwaves were sent through the industry. 

The consequences

In a matter of hours, the FTT price dropped 83%, trading at $18.72 before dropping to $3.14. In a desperate attempt to stabilize the market, Alameda offered to buy Binance’s FTT supply, to no avail. 

At the same time, investors rushed to pull their funds from the exchange, estimated to be roughly $6 billion worth of net withdrawals. In light of the recent Terra LUNA crash and subsequent demise of Celsius and Voyager, investors were taking no risks. 

The next twist in this unfortunate story is that FTX froze all withdrawals on the platform and announced that it was going into a “strategic transaction” with Binance, with Binance set to buy its biggest competitor. The acquisition was rumored to be worth $1.

This all came crashing down several hours later when CZ announced to his Twitter following that after reviewing the books they would no longer be moving forward with this plan. 

Within 24 hours, the broader crypto assets market started to feel the effects. Bitcoin was down 16%, Ethereum down 24% and Solana, widely backed by Sam Bankman-Fried, down 43%. 

On November 10, Sam Bankman-Fried announced that Alameda Research would be “winding down trading” and issued an apology to his Twitter following. FTX is in the process of sourcing funding for liquidity purposes, with the platform estimated to need around $10 billion in order to honor customers' crypto assets withdrawal requests.

What was really going on at FTX?

This story boils down to CZ tweeting that he would sell his FTT in light of allegations, which created mass FUD and subsequently led to the demise of its biggest competitor. How did a company, considered a heavyweight in the financial markets, worth $30 billion a few months prior and making 8 figures in revenue a day suddenly become insolvent?

Industry insiders believe that the relationship between FTX and Alameda was a bit more reprehensible than it appeared on the surface. Based on leaked insights into Alameda’s financials, it is speculated that Alameda used a significant portion of its FTT holdings as collateral to borrow funds from FTX (these funds being customer funds).

While illegal, this also poses a high risk that could see the collapse of both platforms, and consumer funds along with them. If this is proven to be true, jail time could ensue. 

In an internal email circulated to the Binance team, CZ stated that this was not part of a greater plan, nor is it a win for Binance as the greater crypto economy will be affected. From investor trust to crypto prices dropping to the hawk-eyed regulators eagerly watching from the sidelines, the demise of FTX is in no one’s favor. 

Ultimately, the same catalyst that saw the fall of Celsius has been observed here, FTX used its own token as collateral. Let this be a warning sign for any future trading platforms, and a prominent note for those working on crypto regulation.

What this means for the regulation of crypto exchanges

Before any regulators could even whisper a word, big platforms like Binance, KuCoin, OKX and more are believed to be in plans to implement Proof of Reserves accountability. This involves an independent audit of funds by a third party, made available to the public.

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Department of Justice (DOJ), three of the biggest financial regulators in the U.S. have begun (or are continuing, in some cases) investigations into FTX. It is believed that the Texas Securities Board started investigating the exchange and CEO in October. 

In the wake of the aftermath, the White House is also calling for stronger crypto oversights and Californian regulators have announced that they are launching an investigation into FTX, asking customers affected by the virtual currency calamity to come forward. 

Insiders are faulting U.S. regulators for not having more clear guidelines in place, saying that their “stringent-yet-unclear” frameworks have driven big exchanges overseas where there is even less of a regulatory landscape and taxes often go unpaid. With the proper legal framework in place, perhaps situations like these could be avoided, and instead of fleeing, people would trust in U.S. regulatory standards. 

Regulators need to find a balance between creating and implementing legal frameworks that both support the innovation and development of the crypto space but at the same time keep avaricious CEOs in line and all centralized operations above board. 

Regulations put in place to hinder money laundering have been successful, with little consequence to the trader. There is no reason why regulations implemented to stop such happenings in the crypto world could not have the same success.

The latest crisis in the cryptocurrency space is likely to push regulators to amplify their work on building legal frameworks for platforms managing digital assets to adhere to, not just in the U.S., but globally. 

What this means for crypto assets and the crypto industry

While Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana and most other cryptocurrencies are recovering from lows of yesterday, there is a somber feeling in the crypto space knowing that to the week a year ago Bitcoin and Ethereum reached their current all-time highs.

Crypto trading is known to have its risks, and the responsibility to stay within the green lines falls on the individual trader. While many investors embrace the “hodl” approach (hold the investment for long periods of time), it is of the utmost importance to stay in the know about what is happening in the market and to thoroughly, very thoroughly vet the coin they are looking to invest in. 

Another, perhaps most important, precaution to take is to work only with crypto platforms that are regulated by government-endorsed financial bodies. Just because you are working with decentralized digital currencies doesn’t mean that you should throw caution to the wind and leave your funds unprotected.

Taking this very seriously, Tap is licensed and regulated by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission and insures all funds through a reputable crypto insurance service. Rest assured that we are constantly being regulated, sticking to the stringent guidelines laid out before us, and protecting our consumers’ funds at all times. 

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There is seldom a dull moment in the cryptosphere. In a matter of weeks, crypto winters can turn into bull runs, high-profile celebrities can send the price of a cryptocurrency to an all-time high and big networks can go from hero to bankruptcy. While we await the next bull run, let’s dissect some of the bigger moments of this year so far. 

In a matter of weeks, we saw two major cryptocurrencies drop significantly in value and later declare themselves bankrupt. Not only did these companies lose millions, but millions of investors lost immense amounts of money. 

As some media sources use these stories as an opportunity to spread FUD (fear, uncertainty and doubt) about the crypto industry, in this article we’ll look at what affected these particular networks. This is not the “norm” when it comes to investing in digital assets, these are cases of not doing enough thorough research. 

The Downfall of Terra

Terra is a blockchain platform that offered several cryptocurrencies (mostly stablecoins), most notably the stablecoin TerraUST (UST) and Terra (LUNA). LUNA tokens played an integral role in maintaining the price of the algorithmic stablecoins, incentivizing trading between LUNA and stablecoins should they need to increase or decrease a stablecoin's supply. 

In December 2021, following a token burn, LUNA entered the top 10 biggest cryptocurrencies by market cap trading at $75. LUNA’s success was tied to that of UST. In April, UST overtook Binance USD to become the third-largest stablecoin in the cryptocurrency market. The Anchor protocol of the Terra ecosystem, which offers returns as high as 20% APY, aided UST's rise.

In May of 2022, UST unpegged from its $1 position, sending LUNA into a tailspin losing 99.9% of its value in a matter of days. The coin’s market cap dipped from $41b to $6.6m. The demise of the platform led to $60 billion of investors’ money going down the drain. So, what went wrong?

After a large sell-off of UST in early May, the stablecoin began to depeg. This caused a further mass sell-off of the algorithmic cryptocurrency causing mass amounts of LUNA to be minted to maintain its price equilibrium. This sent LUNA's circulating supply sky-rocketing, in turn crashing the price of the once top ten coin. The circulating supply of LUNA went from around 345 million to 3.47 billion in a matter of days. 

As investors scrambled to try to liquidate their assets, the damage was already done. The Luna Foundation Guard (LFG) had been acquiring large quantities of Bitcoin as a safeguard against the UST stablecoin unpegging, however, this did not prove to help as the network's tokens had already entered what's known as a "death spiral".

The LFG and Do Kwon reported bought $3 billion worth of Bitcoin and stored it in reserves should they need to use them for an unpegging. When the time came they claimed to have sold around 80,000 BTC, causing havoc on the rest of the market. Following these actions, the Bitcoin price dipped below $30,000, and continued to do so.

After losing nearly 100% of its value, the Terra blockchain halted services and went into overdrive to try and rectify the situation. As large exchanges started delisting both coins one by one, Terra’s founder Do Kwon released a recovery plan. While this had an effect on the coin’s price, rising to $4.46, it soon ran its course sending LUNA’s price below $1 again. 

In a final attempt to rectify the situation, Do Kwon alongside co-founder Daniel Shin hard forked the Terra blockchain to create a new version, renaming the original blockchain Terra Classic. The platform then released a new coin, Luna 2.0, while the original LUNA coin was renamed LUNC. 

Reviewing the situation in hindsight, a Web3 investor and venture partner at Farmer Fund, Stuti Pandey said, “What the Luna ecosystem did was they had a very aggressive and optimistic monetary policy that pretty much worked when markets were going very well, but they had a very weak monetary policy for when we encounter bear markets.” 

Then Celsius Froze Over

In mid-June 2022, Celsius, a blockchain-based platform that specializes in crypto loans and borrowing, halted all withdrawals citing “extreme market conditions”. Following a month of turmoil, Celsius officially announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July. 

Just a year earlier, in June 2021, the platform’s native token CEL had reached its all-time high of $8.02 with a market cap of $1.9 billion. Following the platform’s upheaval, at the time of writing CEL was trading at $1.18 with a market cap of $281 million. 

According to court filings, when the platform filed for bankruptcy it was $1.2 billion in the red with $5.5 billion in liabilities, of which $4.7 billion is customer holdings. A far cry from its reign as one of the most successful DeFi (decentralized finance) platforms. What led to this demise?

Last year, the platform faced its first minor bump in the road when the US states of Texas, Alabama and New Jersey took legal action against the company for allegedly selling unregistered securities to users. 

Then, in April 2022, following pressure from regulators, Celsius also stopped providing interest-bearing accounts to non-accredited investors. While against the nature of DeFi, the company was left with little choice.  

Things then hit the fan in May of this year. The collapse of LUNA and UST caused significant damage to investor confidence across the entire cryptocurrency market. This is believed to have accelerated the start of a "crypto winter" and led to an industry-wide sell-off that produced a bank-run-style series of withdrawals by Celsius users. In bankruptcy documents, Celsius attributes its liquidity problems to the "domino effect" of LUNA's failure.

According to the company, Celsius had 1.7 million users and $11.7 billion worth of assets under management (AUM) and had made over $8 billion in loans alongside its very high APY (annual percentage yields) of 17%. 

These loans, however, came to a grinding halt when the platform froze all its clients' assets and announced a company-wide freeze on withdrawals in early June. 

Celsius released a statement stating: “Due to extreme market conditions, today we are announcing that Celsius is pausing all withdrawals, Swap, and transfers between accounts. We are taking this necessary action for the benefit of our entire community to stabilize liquidity and operations while we take steps to preserve and protect assets.”

Two weeks later the platform hired restructuring expert Alvarez & Marsal to assist with alleviating the damage caused by June’s uncertainty and the mounting liquidity issues. 

As of mid-July, after paying off several loans, Celsius filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.

Final Thoughts

The biggest takeaway from these examples above it to always do your own research when it comes to investing in cryptocurrency or cryptocurrency platforms. Never chase “get-rich-quick” schemes, instead do your due diligence and read the fine print. If a platform is offering 20% APY, be sure to get to the bottom of how they intend to provide this. If there’s no transparency, there should be no investment. 

The cryptocurrency market has been faced with copious amounts of stressors in recent months, from the demise of these networks mentioned above (alongside others like Voyager and Three Anchor Capital) to a market-wide liquidity crunch, to the recent inflation rate increases around the globe. Not to mention the fearful anticipation of regulatory changes. 

If there’s one thing we know about cryptocurrencies it’s that the market as a whole is incredibly resilient. In recent weeks, prices of top cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum have slowly started to increase, causing speculation that we might finally be making our way out of the crypto winter. While this won’t be an overnight endeavour, the sentiment in the market remains hopeful. 

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