Learning the friendly way

Euro Tether (EURT) is a euro-pegged stablecoin created by Tether Operations Limited, designed to maintain a 1:1 value with the euro. Think of it as the European cousin of the more famous USDT (Tether USD) - it's a digital token that aims to hold steady at one euro per token, making it useful for businesses, or just people who want to use crypto without worrying about wild price swings.

Built primarily on the Ethereum blockchain, EURT was developed to give European users and businesses a stable digital asset that mirrors the euro's value. However, there's an important twist to this story: Tether announced in November 2024 that EURT would be discontinued, with a redemption deadline of 27 November 2025, due to regulatory challenges in Europe and the implementation of the EU's MiCA regulations.

Who created EURT and why?

EURT comes from Tether Operations Limited, the same company behind USDT, which is currently the world's largest stablecoin by market cap, and a major player in the stablecoin space since 2014.

The reasoning behind creating EURT was straightforward: while USDT served dollar-based users well, there was a clear need for a euro-denominated stablecoin. European businesses, traders, and crypto users wanted a way to:

• Hold digital assets without exposure to crypto volatility
• Make fast, borderless payments in euros
• Access decentralised finance (DeFi) applications with euro-based assets
• Trade cryptocurrencies while maintaining euro exposure

Think of it like having a digital euro that could move as quickly as an email, without needing traditional banking infrastructure for every transaction.

How does EURT work?

EURT operates on a relatively simple principle that's common among centralised stablecoins. Here's how the process works:

Minting new EURT: When someone wants to create new EURT tokens, they deposit euros with Tether. In return, Tether mints (creates) an equivalent amount of EURT tokens. It's like exchanging physical euros for digital IOUs that can be used in the crypto world.

Burning EURT: When users want to redeem their EURT for actual euros, they send their tokens back to Tether. The company then "burns" (destroys) those tokens and returns the equivalent euros to the user's bank account.

Maintaining the Peg: Tether claims to hold euro reserves equal to the number of EURT tokens in circulation. This 1:1 backing is what's supposed to keep each EURT worth exactly one euro. If demand increases, more tokens are minted. If demand decreases, tokens are burned.

EURT primarily operates on Ethereum, but it has also been available on other blockchains like Solana and Binance Smart Chain, depending on user demand and technical considerations.

What was EURT used for?

Before its discontinuation announcement, EURT served several practical purposes in the crypto ecosystem:

Trading and avoiding volatility

Traders used EURT as a stable store of value when they wanted to exit volatile crypto positions without converting back to traditional banking systems. It’s like having a safe harbour during crypto storms.

Cross-border payments

EURT enabled fast, relatively cheap international transfers in euros. Instead of using traditional wire transfers, which can take days and incur significant fees, users can send EURT tokens across borders in minutes.

DeFi applications

EURT found a familiar home on DeFi platforms, used for lending, borrowing, and yield farming activities. Users could earn interest on their euro holdings or use EURT as collateral for loans.

Business operations

Some European businesses accepted EURT for payments or used it for treasury management, especially those already comfortable with crypto operations.

Why is EURT being discontinued?

This is where the story takes an interesting turn. On 27 November 2024, Tether announced that EURT would be phased out, with all tokens needing to be redeemed by 27 November 2025.

The primary reason? Europe's Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation, which came into effect in 2024. MiCA requires stablecoin issuers operating in the EU to meet strict compliance standards, including:

• Detailed regulatory reporting
• Specific reserve requirements
• Ongoing supervision by EU authorities
• Substantial compliance infrastructure

For Tether, the cost-benefit analysis didn't add up. EURT had a relatively small market capitalisation of around $27 million at the time of discontinuation, tiny compared to USDT's market cap of over $100 billion. The regulatory compliance costs and operational complexity of meeting MiCA requirements weren't justified by EURT's limited adoption.

It's essentially a business decision: the juice wasn't worth the squeeze for a product that hadn't gained significant market traction.

What's replacing EURT?

Tether isn't completely abandoning the European market. The company has partnered with Quantoz Payments to develop EURQ, a new euro-pegged stablecoin designed from the ground up to comply with MiCA regulations.

EURQ is being built with regulatory compliance as a core feature rather than an afterthought. This means it should be able to operate legally within the European Union's new regulatory framework without the compliance headaches that led to EURT's discontinuation.

However, EURQ is still in development, and there's no confirmed launch date yet. European users looking for euro-denominated stablecoins will need to explore other options in the meantime.

How does EURT compare to other stablecoins?

Understanding EURT's place in the stablecoin landscape helps explain both its purpose and its limitations:

EURT vs USDT (Tether USD)

USDT is EURT's dollar-denominated sibling and is massively more popular. While they work similarly, USDT benefits from the dollar's dominance in global trade and crypto markets. EURT never achieved anywhere near USDT's adoption levels.

EURT vs USDC (USD Coin)

USDC, issued by Circle, is generally considered more transparent and regulated than Tether's offerings. Circle regularly publishes detailed attestations of its reserves. EURT lacked this level of transparency and regulatory clarity.

EURT vs DAI

DAI is a decentralised stablecoin that's not controlled by a single company. While EURT required trusting Tether's reserves and management, DAI is backed by crypto collateral and governed by a decentralised community. However, DAI is primarily dollar-pegged.

EURT vs VNX VEUR

VNX VEUR is another euro-pegged stablecoin that's designed to be MiCA-compliant from the start. Unlike EURT, it was built with European regulations in mind and continues to operate in the EU market.

How to sell or convert EURT (if you still hold it)

If you currently hold EURT tokens, you have until 27 November 2025 to redeem them. A word of warning: try not to wait until the last minute as liquidity for EURT may decrease as the deadline approaches, potentially making it harder to convert at favourable rates.

You can sell or convert EURT on most major platforms. 

The bottom line on EURT

Euro Tether represented an interesting experiment in euro-denominated stablecoins, but it ultimately couldn't overcome the challenges of regulatory compliance and limited adoption. However, not all is lost: its discontinuation highlights the growing importance of regulatory clarity in the crypto space, especially in Europe.

For users who relied on EURT, the transition period provides time to move to alternative solutions. The development of EURQ and other MiCA-compliant euro stablecoins suggests that demand for euro-denominated digital assets remains strong - it's just a matter of building products that can thrive in the new regulatory environment.

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Ready to cut through traditional banking barriers and dive into the world of crypto payments? From buying falafels at your local cafe to luggage from a store in Japan, crypto payments are fast, cost-effective, and easier than you can imagine. 

In this guide, we will walk you through exactly how to pay with crypto - from opening your account to making your first transaction. By the end, you'll have the confidence to make crypto payments anywhere, anytime.

Is paying with crypto legal?

Let's address the elephant in the room first. Paying with crypto is legal in most major markets, including the United States, the European Union, Canada, and the UK. However, some countries, like China and India, have restrictions on crypto transactions.

Here's the global snapshot:

• Fully legal: US, EU, UK, Canada, Australia, Singapore, Switzerland
• Restricted or banned: China, India (limited use), Russia (complex regulations)
• Grey areas: Some developing nations with evolving frameworks

Why does this matter? Operating within legal boundaries protects you from compliance issues and ensures your transactions won't be flagged or reversed. Rest assured, Tap only operates in jurisdictions where crypto payments are fully compliant.

How crypto payments work

Think of crypto payments like sending an email instead of traditional mail. With email, your message goes directly from your computer to the recipient's inbox through the internet. 

Similarly, crypto payments travel directly from your cryptocurrency wallet to the merchant's wallet through a blockchain network - no banks or financial middlemen required.

Here's what happens behind the scenes:

• Your payment gets recorded on a decentralised ledger (blockchain)
• Multiple computers verify the transaction
• Once confirmed, the payment is permanent and irreversible
• The entire process typically takes minutes, not days

This system eliminates the need for banks, reduces fees, and works 24/7 globally.

Common payment methods

There are several ways to pay with crypto, each suited for different situations. Here are the two most popular:

On-chain wallet transfers involve scanning a QR code or copying a wallet address to send payments directly from your wallet to theirs. This method works well for peer-to-peer transactions and in-store payments. As a side note: Tap users can enjoy free transfers between users, anywhere in the world.

Tap’s crypto-backed debit card lets you spend your crypto anywhere Mastercard and Visa are accepted. The card automatically converts your crypto to fiat at the point of sale.

Setting up your Tap account

Here’s how to get started:

1. Download the app and create your account.
   
   
2. Complete the quick identity check.
   Since Tap is licensed and regulated, we ask for some basic verification - just like any trusted fintech app. It only takes a few minutes.
   
   
3. Once you're approved, you're in.
   You’ll be ready to explore the crypto world.

Order your Tap card
Tap the “Card” tab in the app (between Hub and Cash), and follow the steps to order your card. It’ll arrive in a few days, depending on where you are.

Now all you need is crypto.
Topping up your wallet is simple.
To load fiat (USD, EUR, GBP, AUD, CAD, CHF, JPY), tap “Cash” in the top menu and hit the black “Add Money” button. Choose your preferred method and follow the instructions.

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If you already have crypto, select Cryptocurrencies from the top menu, Add Money, and then the last option (Crypto Deposit). It’ll take a few minutes to clear (depending on the network).

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When your card arrives, move funds to the Card section of your wallet, and you’re all set. 

Step-by-step: how to make a crypto payment with Tap

Ready to make your first crypto payment? Let’s get stuck in:

Step 1: Take your Tap card out of your wallet.

Step 2: Swipe or tap at the merchant. 

That’s it. Couldn’t be simpler. 

Making a crypto payment through the app

If you don’t have a card or are waiting for it to arrive, here is the alternative option:

Step 1: Go to the “Cryptocurrencies” section of the app.

Step 2: Tap on “Send”.

Step 3: Choose “Crypto Withdrawal”.

Step 4: Pick the crypto you’d like to use.

Step 5: Tap the blue + New icon in the upper right corner.

Step 6: Choose “External Beneficiary” and carefully enter the wallet address.

Step 7: To complete the transfer, select the Beneficiary you just added and initiate the transfer.

Most payments are confirmed within minutes, though some networks may take longer during high-traffic periods.

Converting crypto to fiat & using crypto cards

Not every merchant accepts crypto directly, but that doesn't limit your spending power. Tap offers seamless conversion options that bridge the gap between crypto and traditional payments.

Our instant conversion feature lets you convert crypto to fiat currencies within your Tap account. Simply select the amount you want to convert, choose your target currency, and confirm the transaction. The converted funds appear in your fiat balance immediately.

The Tap Card takes this further by allowing you to spend crypto anywhere Mastercard and Visa are accepted. When you make a purchase, the card automatically converts the required amount from your crypto balance to fiat at competitive exchange rates. You can use it for online shopping, in-store purchases, or ATM withdrawals globally. Simply load the money onto your card through the app, and we’ll handle the rest.

Conversion happens in real-time, so you always get current market rates. *For real-time FX rates, click on your profile picture on the homepage and scroll down to “FX Calculator". 

Fees, speeds & network choices

Understanding fees helps you make cost-effective payment decisions. There are two types of fees to consider:

Network fees go to blockchain validators who process your transaction. These vary by network and have nothing to do with Tap.

Bitcoin during peak times might cost $10-50, while networks like Polygon often cost under $0.01. Lightning Network Bitcoin payments typically cost less than a penny.

Tap fees are transparent and competitive. We charge a small percentage for conversions and premium features, but basic payments between Tap users are free.

Confirmation times depend on your chosen network:

• Lightning Network: Instant
• Ethereum: 1-5 minutes
• Bitcoin: 10-60 minutes
• Polygon: Under 1 minute

Best practice: For small, everyday purchases, use fast, low-cost networks like Lightning or Polygon. For larger transactions where security is important, Bitcoin's main network offers maximum security despite higher fees.

Security & common pitfalls

Crypto payments are irreversible, making security crucial. Here are the main risks and how to avoid them:

Wrong addresses are the top cause of lost payments. Always double-check recipient addresses and use QR codes when possible. Try to avoid typing wallet addresses manually unless necessary.

Phishing attacks trick users into entering wallet details on fake websites. Always bookmark legitimate sites and verify URLs carefully. Do not follow links from emails or text messages.

Rug pulls and scam projects promise unrealistic returns. Stick to established cryptocurrencies and verified merchants when making payments.

Tap's built-in safeguards include two-factor authentication and automated AML checks that flag suspicious transactions. 

Tax & reporting considerations

Here's something many users overlook: spending crypto is a taxable event in most jurisdictions. When you use crypto to buy goods or services, you're technically selling that crypto, which may trigger capital gains tax.

How it works: If you bought Bitcoin at $30,000 and spent it when Bitcoin was $40,000, you owe tax on the $10,000 gain, even though you used it for a purchase rather than selling for cash.

Record-keeping is essential. To stay on the safe side, keep records of your transactions that include purchase dates, sale dates, amounts, and calculated gains or losses.

Regional differences matter:

• United States: IRS treats crypto spending as taxable events with capital gains implications
• European Union: VAT applies to crypto purchases, but capital gains treatment varies by country
• Other regions: Consult local tax advisors as regulations continue evolving

We recommend consulting with a crypto-savvy accountant to ensure you’re on the right side of your local tax obligations.

Why choose Tap to pay with crypto

We've built Tap specifically to solve the pain points of crypto payments. Here's what sets us apart:

Instant settlement means merchants receive payments immediately, not after blockchain confirmations. This solves the biggest barrier to crypto adoption for businesses.

Multi-chain support lets you use Bitcoin, Ethereum, stablecoins, and 60+ other cryptocurrencies through a single platform. No need to manage multiple wallets or apps.

Built-in compliance handles KYC/AML requirements automatically, so you can focus on payments rather than paperwork. We operate within regulatory frameworks. 

Global reach without the complexity of international banking. Accept payments from anywhere, settle in your preferred currency, and expand your market instantly.

Ready to start paying with crypto? Download the Tap app and join the future of digital payments.

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Currency strength shapes global trade, investment flows, and your real-world spending power. But strength isn’t just about flashy exchange rates. It’s backed by low inflation, investor trust, and governments that don’t spontaneously combust.

In this guide, we break down the top 10 strongest currencies in the world for 2025. You'll learn what drives their dominance, why some currencies outperform others, and what this means for markets, businesses, and travellers alike.

Spoiler: it's not always the ones you expect.

Before we begin: Currency strength is measured by exchange rate value against major currencies like the USD and GBP, combined with factors including economic stability, inflation rates, trade balances, and investor demand. 

The strongest currencies typically emerge from countries with sound fiscal policies, political stability, strong export economies, and substantial foreign reserves.

Top 10 strongest currencies in the world (2025 ranking)

The following currencies dominate global markets by exchange rate value against the USD and GBP. These rankings reflect the current market conditions at the time of writing.

1. Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD)

Exchange Rate: 1 KWD = 3.25 USD | 2.44 GBP

The Kuwaiti Dinar isn’t just strong - it’s consistently the world’s strongest. Fueled by vast oil reserves and a government that actually knows how to manage money, Kuwait punches well above its weight. A small population + massive petroleum wealth = eye-watering per capita income, and a currency that commands global respect.

Back in 2007, Kuwait ditched its US dollar peg for a currency basket, a bold move that gave it more control and resilience. Add in one of the largest sovereign wealth funds on the planet and a no-nonsense approach to spending oil money, and you’ve got a textbook case in currency strength.

2. Bahraini Dinar (BHD)

Exchange Rate: 1 BHD = 2.65 USD | 2.05 GBP

The Bahraini Dinar may not get the headlines, but it holds its ground thanks to a rock-solid USD peg and a thriving financial sector. As a gateway to the Gulf, Bahrain has built a reputation as a banking and investment hub, with the regulatory chops to back it up.

While oil still plays a role, the kingdom’s smart pivot into finance, tourism, and services has given the BHD more than one leg to stand on. Add close ties to Saudi Arabia and deep integration with the wider Gulf economy, and you've got a currency that’s quietly powerful and built to last.

3. Omani Rial (OMR)

Exchange Rate: 1 OMR = 2.60 USD | 1.92 GBP

Oman’s currency doesn’t just ride the oil wave - it’s powered by long-term vision. While crude still plays a role, the Omani Rial stands tall thanks to the country’s steady shift toward tourism, logistics, and manufacturing, all part of its ambitious Vision 2040 roadmap.

In a region known for volatility, Oman sets itself apart with political stability, disciplined fiscal policy, and a refreshingly balanced economic game plan. The result? A currency that’s not just strong, but built on more than just barrels.

4. Jordanian Dinar (JOD)

Exchange Rate: 1 JOD = ~1.41 USD | 1.08 GBP

Jordan doesn’t have oil fields or massive exports, but it does have one of the most stable currencies in the region. Pegged to the USD since 1995, the Jordanian Dinar has held firm through geopolitical shocks and economic headwinds.

What’s the secret? A central bank that plays it straight, a government that manages its books carefully, and a commitment to stability - even while supporting large refugee populations and navigating limited natural resources. In short: smart policy over raw power.

5. British Pound Sterling (GBP)

Exchange Rate: 1 GBP = 1.35 USD

As the world’s oldest currency still in circulation, the British Pound carries serious legacy power, but it’s more than just tradition. Backed by the UK’s diversified economy and London’s role as a global finance heavyweight, the pound remains one of the most widely held reserve currencies on the planet.

Let’s call a spade a spade. While Brexit brought its fair share of turbulence, the fundamentals haven’t changed: a strong legal system, deep capital markets, and world-class financial infrastructure keep the GBP firmly in the heavyweight league.

6. Cayman Islands Dollar (KYD)

Exchange Rate: 1 KYD = ~1.20 USD | 0.89 GBP

With more registered companies than people, the Cayman Islands punch way above their weight in global finance. The KYD benefits from this offshore powerhouse status, where financial services and tourism drive steady demand.

Pegged to the US dollar, the currency stays stable, while the islands’ investor-friendly regulations and tax perks keep international capital flowing. It’s a niche economy, but a well-oiled one, and the KYD reflects that strength.

7. Gibraltar Pound (GIP)

Exchange Rate: 1 GIP = 1 GBP (perfect parity)

The Gibraltar Pound holds a 1:1 peg with the British Pound, giving it the full weight of UK monetary policy with a distinctly local twist. It’s a territorial currency that does more than just mirror the GBP; it powers a compact but strategic economy.

Perched at the gateway to the Mediterranean, Gibraltar leverages its prime location and tight financial regulation to attract investment and business. The result? A stable, trusted currency backed by both geography and governance.

8. Swiss Franc (CHF)

Exchange Rate: 1 CHF = ~1.10 USD | 0.88 GBP

Listen, the Swiss Franc doesn’t just symbolise stability - it sets the standard. Backed by political neutrality, low inflation, and one of the world’s most trusted banking systems, the CHF is where capital goes when things get shaky.

The Swiss National Bank’s conservative approach and Switzerland’s strict fiscal discipline make the Franc a magnet for investors seeking security. In times of global turbulence, the CHF doesn’t flinch, it holds.

9. Euro (EUR)

Exchange Rate: 1 EUR = ~1.05 USD | 0.84 GBP

The Euro ties together 20 EU countries under one economic flag, creating a currency backed by a collective economy even bigger than the U.S. Despite political bumps and economic contrasts across member states, the EUR holds its ground as the world’s second-most traded currency.

What keeps it strong? The European Central Bank’s monetary oversight, the eurozone’s combined economic weight, and the Euro’s deep role in global trade and reserves. It’s not just shared money, it’s shared strength.

10. United States Dollar (USD)

The global standard

The USD may not top the exchange rate charts, but some might argue that it owns the global stage. Involved in nearly 88% of all forex trades and held as the primary reserve currency by central banks worldwide, the dollar is the backbone of international finance.

Its strength isn’t necessarily about value per unit, it’s about reach. From oil pricing to cross-border deals, the USD is the language of global trade, powered by the world’s largest economy and the deepest capital markets on earth.

What makes a currency strong?

Strong currencies aren’t just about optics: they’re built on trust, economic fundamentals, and global demand. The world’s top performers all share a few key traits that keep investors confident and capital flowing.

So, what drives currency strength?

At the core, it’s about stability and credibility. Countries with steady politics, transparent institutions, and clear economic policies tend to attract global investment. High interest rates - when balanced with low inflation - pull in foreign capital, while low inflation protects the currency’s real-world value.

Trade matters too. When a country exports more than it imports, global buyers need the local currency, driving demand and pushing up value. Large foreign exchange reserves also give central banks firepower to defend their currency when markets wobble.

Debt is another big one. Lower debt-to-GDP ratios signal fiscal discipline and room to manoeuvre during economic shocks, key ingredients for long-term currency trust.

Pegged vs floating exchange rates

Currencies typically fall into two camps: pegged or floating.

• Pegged currencies (like the Bahraini Dinar or Jordanian Dinar) lock their value to another, usually the US dollar - yes, just like stablecoins. This provides predictability for trade and investment, but demands strict monetary control and healthy reserves to keep the peg in place.
  
  
• Floating currencies (like the Swiss Franc or British Pound) let market forces do the work. That means more volatility, but also more flexibility when shocks hit, if central banks know what they’re doing.

Both systems have their strengths. The key is whether the country can maintain trust through smart policy, solid reserves, and consistent economic performance.

Honourable mentions

While these currencies didn’t make the top 10, they still offer stability, liquidity and are backed by solid economic fundamentals.

These currencies benefit from resource wealth, strong institutions, or strategic economic positions that support their value in global markets.

How is currency value measured?

Currency strength isn’t measured in a vacuum, it’s always relative. Exchange rates compare one currency against another (like USD/EUR), and those prices shift constantly based on supply, demand, and investor sentiment.

In deep, liquid markets, these rates reflect what the world thinks about a country’s economy, stability, and future outlook. Big trades happen fast and without much friction because major currencies have enough volume to absorb them.

Central banks keep a close eye on all this. In floating systems, they rarely intervene unless things get choppy. But day to day, it’s market forces that drive currency values, shaped by fundamentals and the collective mood of global finance.

What is the most stable currency in the world?

No drama, no surprises: the Swiss Franc is the gold standard for currency stability. Backed by political neutrality, low inflation, and ultra-consistent monetary policy, the CHF has earned its reputation as a safe-haven asset.

The Swiss National Bank doesn’t chase headlines. Instead, it focuses on one thing: price stability. And it’s done that with surgical precision for decades. Add in a political system designed for consensus and slow, steady change, and you get a currency that markets trust, especially when things get rough.

In times of crisis, global capital flows to the Franc. That trust? It reinforces the CHF’s strength, year after year.

What is the most traded currency in the world?

Likely no surprises here either: The dollar is (currently) the backbone of the world’s financial system. Accounting for nearly 90% of all forex trading, it’s the go-to for everything from central bank reserves to international commodity pricing.

Around 60% of global foreign exchange reserves are held in USD, and even countries with no direct US ties use the dollar to price and settle trades. This widespread use creates powerful network effects - the more the dollar flows, the more stable and liquid it becomes, drawing in even more users.

It’s a self-reinforcing cycle, fueled by the sheer size and strength of the US economy.

Conclusion 

Currency strength goes beyond daily exchange rates. It’s a reflection of a nation’s economic health, fiscal discipline, and political stability. While rates bounce around day-to-day, the core drivers of strength are built to last.

Knowing what fuels currency power isn’t just academic, it’s critical for smart investing, international business, and even planning your next trip. The strongest currencies aren’t just the ones with high numbers, they’re the ones backed by solid economics and trusted institutions that keep value steady over time.

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Imagine you walk into a grocery store with only $20 in your wallet. You want fruit, bread, milk, and maybe a treat. But as you add items to your basket, you realize you can’t afford everything. You need to make a choice. That everyday dilemma is scarcity in action.

Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem: people have unlimited wants, but our pool of resources (money, raw materials, and of course, time) is limited. Because of this imbalance, every decision comes with trade-offs. Scarcity is not just about wealth or poverty; it shapes the psychology of markets and investments, and understanding it can give you a sharper edge in your decisions. So, join us and let’s tap into the core of economics.

What Is Scarcity? Key Takeaways

Economics tells us scarcity is the lack of plentiful resources in comparison to theoretically infinite wants. This term can be boiled down to this simple definition: any resource with a non-zero cost associated with consuming it means that it's scarce to some degree.

The concept of scarcity often drives people to make decisions about how they want their resources allocated so that everyone can satisfy not just their basic needs, but also additional wants whenever they can.

• Scarcity means limited resources vs. unlimited wants.
  
  
• It’s the foundation of supply and demand, influencing prices in every market.
  
  
• Scarcity affects everyone, not just those with fewer resources.
  
  
• It forces individuals, businesses, and governments to make decisions about allocation.
  
  
• Every choice under scarcity involves opportunity cost, the value of the next best alternative.
  

The Economic Foundation of Scarcity

In 1932, Economist Lionel Robbins gave the most cited definition: “Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” This definition highlights the key concept: people want more than the economy can provide. Resources are finite. Choices must be made about how to use them.

Scarcity is tied to supply and demand. If a product is scarce and demand remains high, the price usually rises. For example, when microchips became scarce during the pandemic, the cost of everything from laptops to cars increased. This basic economic problem applies in any given scenario: whether you’re a student managing study time, a household balancing bills, or a government allocating healthcare budgets, scarcity forces tough decisions.

Types of Scarcity

Economists classify scarcity into three major types:

• Absolute Scarcity: Resources that are genuinely finite, such as oil, rare earth minerals, or land in city centers. Once they are gone, they cannot be replenished.
  
  
• Relative Scarcity: Resources that may exist in abundance overall but are limited by distribution or production. For example, in water-rich areas, people seemingly never have to worry about running out of water as the supply is limitless while in other areas people have no access to clean running water. In water-scarce areas, the costs increase, and authorities and citizens have to decide how to efficiently allocate resources. The same can be said about land prices when you compare the prices of properties in the countryside versus an affluent city center. Authorities cannot simply produce more land, so the prices increase alongside demand.
  
  
• Artificial Scarcity: Created by humans, often in markets. Luxury brands limit production to increase exclusivity, or companies use patents to control product availability. Concert tickets are another example. Limited supply is maintained even though more could be produced.

Real-World Examples of Scarcity Throughout History

Scarcity is not abstract; it shapes all markets:

• Modern Housing Markets: In cities like London or New York, limited land and high demand create soaring property prices, a textbook case of relative scarcity.
• Concert Tickets: Popular events sell out in minutes, not necessarily because of physical limits but because scarcity marketing drives urgency.
• Ethereum Fee Burn: Since 2021, Ethereum burns a portion of every transaction fee, reducing the total supply. This scarcity mechanism can increase the value of ETH over time, illustrating how limited supply and high demand influence markets in the crypto world.

What Are the Three Causes of Scarcity?

Scarcity is a term that economists use to describe the limited availability of a good or resource, turning some things that might have once been abundant into scarce resources. The root causes can be broken down into three categories: 

Demand-induced scarcity: when consumer demand outweighs supply, e.g. face masks in the wake of the global pandemic. 

Supply-induced scarcity: This happens when outside forces make a resource less attainable, decreasing supply with little impact on demand. E.g. commonly with a natural resource, such as water in a drought.

Structural scarcity: When some have greater access to a resource than others. Structural scarcity often happens because of political or economic reasons.

The Psychology of Scarcity

Scarcity doesn’t just change markets; it changes how people think. Behavioral economists describe the scarcity effect. This is when people perceive something as scarce, its perceived value increases. That’s why limited-edition sneakers sell for thousands.

Scarcity also fuels FOMO (Fear of Missing Out); the opposite of FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt). Marketers use countdown timers, “only 3 left in stock” alerts, and exclusive drops to trigger quick decisions. While artificial, these tactics rely on the same psychological mechanisms as natural scarcity. At a personal level, scarcity of time or money can narrow focus, sometimes leading to poorer decisions such as payday loan cycles or unhealthy food choices when stressed.

Scarcity in the Natural World

We usually think of scarce resources as natural resources that exist on Earth without humankind's intervention, such as gas, coal, or water. These commodities often have a limited supply. Food can be produced, for example, but the fuel we need to move it around is gone forever once we use it.

The scarcity of natural resources also generally increases with growing populations. This brings in relative scarcity, which refers to the scarcity of a resource in one region while it may be more abundant in another. This concept applies not only to commodities but also to services that rely on these resources.

Scarcity in the Economy

Economic scarcity occurs when the quantity individuals want to purchase exceeds the amount available for trade, driving up its monetary value. For instance, Bitcoin, with its limited supply of 21 million coins, illustrates this concept. As the coins become scarcer, their value grows higher, making it a potentially valuable choice for traders.

Scarcity vs Shortage

While scarcity and shortage might sound like interchangeable terms, there are several key differences between these terms and very different causes. 

Scarcity looks at the limited availability of something that cannot be replenished, natural resources for example. On the other hand, a shortage refers to a market phenomenon where the demand for something is greater than the quantity supplied at the market price.

When the market is balanced, there is an equal amount of supply and demand for a product. If these become unbalanced, we can have a shortage. Several things can create this scenario.

Firstly, it could be a result of increased demand. This is rarely permanent and can easily be reproduced. Secondly, it could be a result of a decreased supply. If the costs of a product increase causing the manufacturers to create less, and the demand stays the same, this will result in a shortage. In both instances, changes to the market can fix this. 

The main difference between scarcity and shortages is that shortages can usually be solved by altering supply and demand. With scarcity, however, there is a limit on the amount of a resource available with little that can be done to fix this problem. 

Living with Scarcity: Conclusion

Scarcity is the foundation of economics because it forces human decisions about how to use limited resources. It influences markets, prices, and behavior, from choosing groceries to managing global energy supplies.

While scarcity cannot be eliminated, societies can manage it through innovation, trade, and better information. Recognizing opportunity costs and making informed decisions helps individuals and governments alike.

Ultimately, scarcity reminds us one thing, which is that value comes from limits… and that every choice matters.

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Cryptocurrencies derive their value from supply and demand, with the buyers and sellers playing an enormous role in the market's liquidity, and ultimately, success. This rings true for stocks, commodities and forex markets too, essentially any asset markets with trading volumes.

Anyone participating in these markets will have been a maker or a taker at some stage, most likely, both. In this article, we're breaking down the concept of makers vs takers, exploring their vital role in the market and large quantities of these result in stronger exchanges. 

Liquidity Explained

Before we dive in, let's first cover an important concept: liquidity. Assets can sometimes be described as liquid or illiquid, this simply refers to how easily the asset can sell. Gold is a prime example of a liquid asset as anyone could easily trade it for cash without any hassle, while a glass statue of your neighbour's cat would be an illiquid asset as the chances of anyone wanting to own it are slim (except for the neighbour, maybe). 

Building on this, market liquidity indicates how liquid a market is. A liquid market means that the asset is in high demand, traders are actively looking to acquire the asset, while also having a high supply, meaning that traders are actively looking to offload the asset. An illiquid market then means that there is low supply and demand, making it difficult to buy or sell the asset for a fair price.

In a liquid market where there are many traders looking to buy and sell an asset, the sell order (ask price) tends to be in the same region as the buy order (buy price). Typically, the lowest sell order will be the same as the highest buy order, creating a tight buy-ask spread. 

Now that we've covered liquidity, it's time for makers vs takers. 

What Is The Difference Between Market Makers And Market Takers?

As mentioned above, any successful exchange requires a fair amount of makers and takers. Let's explore the difference between the two below. 

Market Makers

Exchanges typically use an order book to conduct trades. The order book will store offers to buy and sell as they come in, and execute the trades when the criteria are met, i.e. someone could create an offer that says when Bitcoin reaches $40,000, buy 4. When the BTC price reaches $40,000, the order book with automatically execute this trade. 

In this case, the person creating this buy order is known as a maker. They are essentially "making" the market by announcing their intentions ahead of time via the order book. While many retail investors are makers, the field is typically made up of big traders and high-frequency trading institutions. 

A market maker is a liquidity provider. ‍

Market Takers

Market takers are then liquidity "takers", removing liquidity from the market. Takers create market orders that indicate to the exchange that the trader wants to buy or sell at the current market price. The exchange will then automatically execute the trade using a maker's offer.

A taker is a trader filling someone else's order. Market makers create offers for the order book, making it easier for users to buy and sell, while market takers exercise this liquidity by buying the asset. 

What Are Maker-Taker Fees?

You might have heard of maker-taker fees before, this makes up a considerable amount of how exchanges generate an income (after all, exchanges are businesses that need to make money). When an exchange matches a maker and a taker, they will take a small fee for the efforts on their part. This fee will differ from exchange to exchange, and will also be dependent on how big of a trade it is. 

As makers are providing liquidity to the exchange (an enticing attribute for any trading platform) they will pay lower fees compared to a trader taking away from the platform's liquidity. Always be sure to check the fee structure and pricing on a platform before engaging in any trading activity, these will be outlined in the platform's trading policy.

How Do Trading Companies Make Money?

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology was designed to provide a decentralized financial system that bypasses government control. However, to alleviate regulatory concerns, exchanges were established to provide a reliable and convenient means of operating within the crypto markets. These exchanges provide a secure way in which users can buy, sell and trade cryptocurrencies, and in return make money through the activities of its customers as it is a business after all.

While maker and taker fees make up a large portion of how a platform generates an income, the business also generates income through deposit and withdrawal fees, commissions made on trades and listing fees. These typically make up the cost of production and running the business.

In Conclusion

Market makers contribute to the market's liquidity by creating orders looking to be filled, while market takers fill these orders. Makers are typically rewarded for bringing liquidity to a platform with low maker fees, while takers pay higher fees when they make use of this liquidity, easily buying and selling the asset.