Learning the friendly way

If you've been exploring the world of cryptocurrency beyond Bitcoin and Ethereum, you've probably heard of Sushi. No, not the Japanese dish – we're talking about a powerful player in the decentralised finance (DeFi) space that's been making waves since its dramatic entrance in 2020.

Sushi, or SushiSwap as the platform is called, burst onto the crypto scene with what many called a "vampire attack" on Uniswap, another popular decentralised exchange (DEX). This bold move involved attracting over a billion dollars of liquidity from its competitor in just a few days.

Today, SushiSwap stands as one of the leading decentralised exchanges in the crypto ecosystem, offering a suite of financial services that go well beyond simple token swapping. With its native SUSHI token, the platform has created an ecosystem that allows users to trade, earn, lend, borrow, and more – all without traditional financial intermediaries.

What makes Sushi truly stand out is how it's putting financial power back into the hands of regular users. By democratising access to sophisticated financial tools that were once only available to privileged institutions, Sushi is helping to create a more open, accessible financial system for everyone.

What is Sushi (SUSHI)?

At its core, Sushi is a DEX and DeFi protocol that allows users to trade cryptocurrencies directly with each other without any middlemen. Unlike centralised exchanges, there's no company controlling your funds or verifying your identity – it's just you, smart contracts, and the blockchain.

Think of SushiSwap as an online marketplace where instead of a company facilitating trades, everything runs on code. It's like if eBay operated without eBay the company – just buyers and sellers interacting through an automated system.

The relationship between SushiSwap and SUSHI is important to understand:

• SushiSwap is the platform – the actual decentralised exchange and suite of DeFi services
• SUSHI is the native token that powers the ecosystem – like owning a piece of the project

The Sushi ecosystem has evolved significantly since its launch, now offering a full menu of DeFi services:

• Token swapping (the basic exchange function)
• Liquidity providing (where users can earn fees)
• Yield farming (earning rewards by supporting the platform)
• Lending and borrowing
• Token launches
• NFT marketplace
• Cross-chain functionality (operating across multiple blockchains)

When compared to other DEXs like Uniswap and PancakeSwap, Sushi stands out for its community-first approach and wide range of features. While Uniswap pioneered the automated market maker model that Sushi uses, Sushi expanded on this foundation by adding more ways for users to participate and earn rewards. 

And while PancakeSwap operates primarily on the Binance Smart Chain, Sushi has expanded to multiple blockchains, including Ethereum, Polygon, Avalanche, and more.

The history of Sushi

Sushi's history reads like a crypto soap opera – complete with controversy, drama, and unexpected twists. Grab the popcorn.

It all began in August 2020 when an anonymous developer going by the name "Chef Nomi" created SushiSwap as a fork (essentially a copy with modifications) of Uniswap's code. But Chef Nomi didn't just launch a competitor; they executed what became known as a "vampire attack" – a strategy to drain liquidity from Uniswap by offering better incentives.

Users who provided liquidity to Uniswap could stake their LP (liquidity provider) tokens on SushiSwap to earn SUSHI rewards. Then, in a coordinated event called "The Migration," over $1 billion in crypto assets moved from Uniswap to SushiSwap virtually overnight. The crypto community was stunned by the aggressive yet innovative approach.

But the drama was just beginning. Shortly after the successful migration, Chef Nomi suddenly converted a large amount of SUSHI tokens (worth about $14 million at the time) into Ethereum and withdrew it. The community viewed this as an "exit scam," and the price of SUSHI plummeted.

In a surprising turn of events, Sam Bankman-Fried, then-CEO of FTX (a major crypto exchange at the time), stepped in to take control of the project. Days later, Chef Nomi returned all the funds and apologised to the community.

Control of the project was then transferred to a multi-signature wallet controlled by several trusted community members, transitioning SushiSwap to true community governance. Since then, the protocol has seen steady development and expansion, including:

• Launch of Kashi lending platform (March 2021)
• Introduction of BentoBox, a yield-generating vault (Q1 2021)
• Expansion to multiple blockchains beyond Ethereum
• Release of Miso launchpad for new tokens
• Development of Shoyu, an NFT marketplace

Despite its tumultuous beginnings, Sushi managed to establish itself as a serious contender in the DeFi space through continuous innovation and a strong community focus.

How does SushiSwap work?

SushiSwap operates on a model called an automated market maker (AMM), which is fundamentally different from traditional exchanges. Here's how it works in simple terms:

Instead of matching buyers with sellers (the way stock exchanges work), SushiSwap uses liquidity pools – essentially big pots of cryptocurrencies that users can trade against. Imagine a vending machine that's always ready to exchange one token for another, rather than waiting to find someone who wants the opposite side of your trade.

These pools are created and maintained by liquidity providers – regular users who deposit pairs of tokens (like ETH and USDT) into the pools. In return for providing this liquidity, they earn fees from trades that happen in their pool.

When you want to swap tokens on SushiSwap, here's what happens:

1. You select the tokens you want to exchange (for example, ETH for USDT)
2. Smart contracts calculate the exchange rate based on the ratio of tokens in the relevant liquidity pool
3. The more of one token you want, the more expensive it gets (this is called "slippage")
4. A small fee (0.3% of the trade) is taken and distributed to liquidity providers
5. The tokens are exchanged directly in your wallet

The beauty of this system is that it's all handled by smart contracts – self-executing code on the blockchain. There's no company processing your trade or holding your funds; it's all automated and trustless.

Of this 0.3% fee, 0.25% goes directly to liquidity providers in the pool, while the remaining 0.05% is converted to SUSHI tokens and distributed to SUSHI stakers. This creates a sustainable revenue model where active users earn from the platform's success.

Key features of the Sushi ecosystem

Sushi has evolved from a simple token exchange into a comprehensive DeFi ecosystem. Let's explore the main ingredients in Sushi's expanding menu:

SushiSwap DEX: The heart of the ecosystem is the decentralised exchange where users can swap virtually any ERC-20 token (and tokens on other supported blockchains). With competitive rates and deep liquidity across many trading pairs, it's the foundation of the Sushi experience.

Kashi: This lending and margin trading platform allows users to borrow assets against their crypto collateral. What makes Kashi unique is its isolated risk markets – meaning a problem in one lending market won't affect others, making it potentially safer than some competitors.

BentoBox: Think of this as a smart crypto savings account. BentoBox is a token vault that generates yield on deposited assets while they're waiting to be used in other Sushi products. It's like your money earning interest while sitting in your wallet, ready to use.

Onsen: This liquidity mining program incentivises users to provide liquidity for specific token pairs by offering additional SUSHI rewards. It's named after Japanese hot springs – places where people gather and relax, much like how Onsen gathers liquidity for the platform.

Miso: A launchpad for new tokens, Miso helps projects conduct token sales with various auction types. It's like Kickstarter for new crypto projects, helping them raise funds and distribute tokens fairly.

Shoyu: Sushi's NFT marketplace allows for the creation, buying, and selling of digital collectables. While newer than some competitors, it aims to offer lower fees and better integration with the rest of the Sushi ecosystem.

Cross-chain deployment: Unlike many DeFi protocols that only exist on Ethereum, Sushi has expanded to numerous blockchains including Polygon, Avalanche, Binance Smart Chain, Fantom, and more. This multi-chain approach helps users avoid Ethereum's sometimes high transaction fees while still accessing Sushi's services.

This diverse ecosystem makes Sushi a one-stop shop for many DeFi activities, allowing users to move seamlessly between trading, earning, lending, and more.

SUSHI tokenomics

The SUSHI token is the special sauce that brings the whole Sushi ecosystem together. Let's break down how it works:

Total supply: SUSHI has no maximum supply cap. New tokens are minted at a rate of 100 SUSHI per Ethereum block (roughly every 12 seconds), though this emission rate has been adjusted through governance votes over time.

Token utility: The SUSHI token serves several important functions:

• Governance: SUSHI holders can vote on proposals to change the protocol
• Fee sharing: When staked, SUSHI entitles holders to a portion of all trading fees
• Liquidity mining rewards: Users can earn SUSHI by providing liquidity
• Platform access: Some features may require SUSHI holdings or staking

Governance rights: Holding SUSHI means having a say in the future of the platform. Token holders can propose and vote on changes ranging from technical upgrades to treasury management and new feature development.

xSUSHI mechanism: When users stake their SUSHI tokens, they receive xSUSHI in return. This represents their share of the staking pool, which constantly grows as trading fees are added to it. When users unstake, they get their original SUSHI plus their portion of accumulated fees – making it a passive income opportunity.

Staking rewards: The current APY (Annual Percentage Yield) for staking SUSHI varies depending on platform volume and the number of stakers, but it has historically offered attractive returns compared to traditional finance.

Market performance: As with many cryptocurrencies, SUSHI has experienced significant price volatility since its launch. After reaching all-time highs during the 2021 bull market, the token has settled into a more stable trading range. 

The tokenomics of SUSHI are designed to align the interests of users, liquidity providers, and token holders – when the platform succeeds, SUSHI holders benefit through increased value and fee sharing.

How to buy and sell SUSHI

Looking to get your hands on some SUSHI tokens? Here's how you can do it through the Tap app:

How to buy SUSHI on the Tap App:

1. Download the Tap app from your device's app store
2. Create an account and complete the required verification
3. Fund your account using a supported payment method (bank transfer, card, etc.)
4. Navigate to the crypto section and search for SUSHI
5. Enter the amount you want to buy
6. Review the transaction details and confirm your purchase
7. Your SUSHI tokens will appear in your Tap wallet

How to sell SUSHI on the Tap App:

1. Navigate to your SUSHI wallet in the app
2. Select the Sell option
3. Enter the amount you want to sell, and what currency you would like in return (crypto or fiat)
4. Review and confirm the transaction details 
5. Your desired currency will appear in the relevant Tap wallet

Conclusion

Sushi has come a long way from its controversial beginnings to establish itself as a cornerstone of the DeFi ecosystem. What started as a fork of Uniswap has evolved into a comprehensive financial platform that offers trading, earning, lending, and more – all without traditional financial intermediaries.

By addressing one of the biggest pain points in DeFi – high Ethereum gas fees – through multi-chain deployment, Sushi makes decentralised finance more accessible to everyday users.

As with any cryptocurrency project, Sushi faces challenges and competition, but its innovative features, passionate community, and continuous development make it a project worth watching in the years to come.

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Civic (CVC) is a blockchain-based identity verification platform focused on providing secure, cost-effective identity management solutions. As digital identity verification becomes increasingly important in today’s world, Civic distinguishes itself with its decentralised approach and user-centric control over personal data. 

Let's explore how this platform is addressing the challenges of digital identity verification, privacy, and security.

TLDR

• Decentralised identity verification: Civic provides secure personal data verification without storing user information centrally, reducing fraud and identity theft risks.
• User-controlled identity: Users maintain ownership of their personal data, selectively sharing only required information with service providers through the Civic app.
• Multi-layered ecosystem: Utilises the Identity Verification Marketplace and Civic Pass for DeFi access control.

What is the Civic network all about?

Founded in 2015 by Vinny Lingham and Jonathan Smith, Civic launched its Initial Coin Offering (ICO) in June 2017, raising $33 million. The platform enables users to verify their identities on the blockchain while maintaining control over their personal information.

It aims to overcome traditional identity verification drawbacks, such as centralised data storage, repetitive KYC processes, and privacy concerns—and it uses blockchain technology to achieve this. The platform’s infrastructure allows for reusable KYC, minimising the need to repeatedly share personal documents with different service providers, all while reducing verification costs.

In June 2017, Civic conducted its token sale, selling $33 million worth of CVC tokens. Since then, the platform has continued to evolve, introducing Civic Pass in 2021, serving as an identity gateway for DeFi apps, NFT platforms, and DAOs requiring compliance. 

At the time of writing, it remains one of the notable blockchain-based identity verification solutions in the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

How does the Civic platform work?

Civic's core architecture revolves around three main components that work together to provide comprehensive identity verification services:

• Identity Verification Marketplace - connects identity requesters with trusted validators to verify user information.
• Civic Pass - provides access control for DeFi applications and other services requiring compliance checks.

It’s worth noting that their product Civic Pay was quietly retired in 2020-2021. 

The Identity Verification Marketplace operates on the blockchain, creating a trusted ecosystem where validators (trusted entities that verify identity information) and service providers can interact. When users provide identity information through the Civic app, it's encrypted and stored on their device, not on Civic's servers.

By distributing the verification process across the blockchain and putting users in control of their data, Civic promises to deliver security, privacy, and convenience without compromises. Because users can reuse their verified identity across multiple platforms, this makes it an efficient solution for both individual users and businesses requiring KYC processes.

Civic created CVC to be the utility token across its ecosystem, used for paying for verification services, rewarding validators, and incentivising ecosystem participation.

The advantages of the Civic platform

According to the Civic team, the platform significantly reduces verification costs compared to traditional identity verification methods. It's also capable of completing verifications in minutes rather than days. This makes it a superior solution for businesses looking to streamline their KYC processes while maintaining regulatory compliance.

Beyond that, Civic is designed to address major issues facing identity systems today: data breaches and identity theft. This is done by eliminating centralised databases of personal information, ensuring that even if Civic were compromised, users' personal data would remain secure.

It's also highly inclusive. While many identity verification systems require extensive documentation, Civic works to provide solutions for the unbanked and underbanked populations globally, potentially bringing financial services to billions of people.

In 2021, Civic expanded its offerings with enhanced DeFi protection tools and NFT verification services, ensuring that its identity solutions remain relevant in the evolving blockchain ecosystem. The platform continues to develop new use cases for its technology, particularly in combating bot activity and fraud in decentralised applications.

Civic use cases

The Civic network allows individuals and businesses to verify identity information securely and efficiently, whether for account creation, age verification, or compliance with regulatory requirements.

It is one of the first platforms to combine blockchain technology with identity verification to create a user-centric system that puts individuals in control of their personal data while still meeting the verification needs of businesses.

Due to the platform's focus on privacy and security, businesses can implement strong KYC procedures without creating vulnerable centralised databases of user information. This provides them with compliance solutions that protect both the business and its customers.

How to buy CVC

If you’re looking to incorporate CVC into your crypto portfolio, users can effortlessly buy and sell the token on the Tap app (after completing the account registration process). Download the app to get started. 

FAQs

How does Civic protect user data?

Civic employs a decentralised identity architecture where users’ personal data is stored locally on their devices, not on central servers. Data is encrypted and hashed, and Civic leverages zero-knowledge proofs in some cases to validate information without exposing the data. Only attestations (proofs of verification) are stored on the blockchain, not the personal data itself. Users maintain control over what information is shared and with whom.

Can you mine CVC tokens?

No, CVC tokens cannot be mined. The total supply of CVC was created during its token generation event in 2017, and no new tokens were issued. As an ERC-20 token on the Ethereum blockchain, CVC transactions are secured by Ethereum’s Proof of Stake mechanism, but CVC is not mined or staked for rewards.

What is the CVC price?

As the market is known to change regularly, please check the Tap app to find the most relevant CVC price.

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As we step into 2025, it's time to reflect on an incredible year of growth and milestones at Tap. What a ride 2024 has been! When we look back at everything we've achieved together at Tap this year, it's hard not to feel a surge of pride and excitement. Let's dive into the highlights that made this year truly special.

Revamped payment with a new card design

This year, we introduced our new card and design. Your feedback sparks our creativity and innovation, many of you joked about needing to make a gang sign with your fingers to hide card numbers when sharing photos. Taking that humor to heart, we've redesigned our card so all sensitive information is now on the back, keeping it out of sight.

This means you can proudly showcase your Tap card in pictures without any awkward gestures. Our user-centric design not only enhances your privacy but also makes sharing your Tap experience easier and more stylish than ever. Thank you for inspiring us to create a more seamless and secure way to use and share your Tap Premium benefits.

Did someone say Cashback? 

For those of you wanting more from your Tap experience, we've been listening to what you need, which led us to introduce new premium plans. They're not about bells and whistles – just practical great rewards and rebates that add real value for those who need them. Same goes for our new Cashback feature. Not only are you earning rewards on your spending, but it also gives XTP a more meaningful purpose in your everyday transactions.

Our new Cashback feature has been a game-changer, offering users not only rewards on their Tap card transactions but also increased utility for our native token, XTP. This feature underscores our commitment to delivering tangible benefits and fostering a rewarding financial ecosystem.

Expanding horizons: launching in the USA

2024 was a landmark year as we launched Tap in the USA, marking our entry into one of the world's largest and most dynamic markets. A particularly humbling milestone, it's been a learning experience, and we're grateful for the patience and enthusiasm of our new American users as we continue to refine our services.

New practical features and tools you've been asking for:

To further empower our users, we rolled out a suite of new features, including:

• A smart search bar that helps you find exactly what you need, when you need it.
• A card spending dashboard that enables you to track your card and spending limits. 
• A comprehensive markets section for tracking your favorite tokens in real-time.
• And yes, that discrete hide balance option for when you need to keep things private.

These features are designed to provide our users with greater transparency, control, and convenience in managing their finances.

Expanding cryptocurrency and fiat options

In response to the growing demand for diverse financial options, we added three new cryptocurrencies and four new fiat currencies to the app. This expansion allows our users to transact with greater flexibility and access a wider range of financial instruments. Because why should anyone have to compromise on their financial choices?

Navigating regulatory landscapes: UK and Bulgaria

Even with all this growth, we haven't lost sight of what matters most – doing things right. On the regulatory front, this year tested our resilience and commitment to our users, particularly in the UK. When new FCA regulations required us to suspend XTP token locking for UK Premium accounts last October, we didn't just accept it as a permanent setback.

Instead, our team spent the year methodically working through complex legal requirements to craft a compliant, user-friendly solution. The result? We successfully relaunched XTP token locking for our UK Premium users – a testament to our dedication to finding ways forward even through regulatory challenges.

This commitment to compliance also led us to secure our VASP license in Bulgaria, further strengthening our regulatory foundation across different jurisdictions. While these behind-the-scenes achievements might not be the most exciting news, they're crucial steps in building a service that's trustworthy.

Looking Ahead with Optimism

As we step into 2025, we're just getting warmed up. Everything we've accomplished this year sets the stage for even bigger moves ahead. We've got some exciting plans taking shape, but more importantly, we have a clear vision of how to make Tap work better for you every day. And the best part? We're building this future with you, our incredible Tap community.

Thank you for being part of this journey – for your trust, your patience, and your candid feedback. Together, we're not just building another fintech platform; we're crafting the future of finance, one thoughtful step at a time.

Here's to the next chapter of our journey together – it's going to be epic!

Currency volatility is a challenge that businesses operating across borders can’t afford to ignore. Exchange rate fluctuations can erode profits, increase costs, and create financial uncertainty, making it difficult for companies to plan effectively.

For businesses that deal with international transactions, traditional solutions like foreign exchange (forex) hedging can be expensive and complicated. Thankfully now, there's a smarter, more efficient alternative—stablecoins.

Stablecoins offer businesses a way to bypass the unpredictability of currency fluctuations by providing a digital asset pegged to stable currencies like the US dollar. The black and white of it is that they make cross-border payments faster, cheaper, and more reliable. 

In this article, we’ll explore why stablecoins are an ideal solution for tackling currency volatility in global financial management.

The challenges of currency volatility in global finance

Global businesses are constantly exposed to currency risks, for a range of reasons, including:

• Geopolitical events – Trade wars, conflicts, or political instability can impact currency values.
• Inflation and interest rate changes – Central bank policies can cause sudden shifts in exchange rates.
• Market speculation – Traders and investors can drive rapid price swings.

For businesses, currency volatility can lead to higher transaction costs, as moving money internationally becomes more expensive. It can also result in unpredictable revenue, making it difficult for companies operating in multiple countries to manage pricing. Additionally, if a currency depreciates suddenly, businesses may face financial losses as profits shrink overnight.

Many businesses use forex hedging strategies (such as forward contracts and options) to manage risk, but these methods are often costly, complex, and require expert knowledge. A simpler, more efficient solution is needed—and that’s where stablecoins come in.

Why stablecoins are the perfect hedge for businesses

Stablecoins offer a practical way for businesses to protect themselves against currency volatility. Unlike traditional cryptocurrencies (which are often highly volatile), stablecoins are pegged to a fiat currency providing a reliable and steady value.

Key benefits for businesses:

• Price stability – With stablecoins, businesses don’t have to worry about sudden exchange rate swings affecting their revenue or costs. 
• Fast, low-cost transactions – International payments using stablecoins settle in minutes, not days, with significantly lower fees than traditional banking systems.
• No dependence on banks – Unlike wire transfers, stablecoin payments don’t require intermediaries, reducing delays and extra costs.
• Transparent and secure transactions – Built on blockchain technology, stablecoins ensure auditable, tamper-proof payments, adding an extra layer of security.

For businesses engaging in global trade, payroll, treasury management, or e-commerce, stablecoins offer a modern financial tool to streamline operations and avoid currency-related risks.

Choosing the right stablecoin for your business needs

Not all stablecoins are created equal. Businesses need to choose the right one based on factors like trust, regulation, and network efficiency.

Top stablecoins to consider:

💰 USDT (Tether) – The most widely used stablecoin, but with some concerns around transparency.
💰 USDC (USD Coin) – Fully backed by regulated financial institutions, making it a trusted option.
💰 DAI – A decentralized stablecoin, offering stability without relying on a central issuer.

💰 EUROC (Euro Coin) – A fully backed euro-denominated stablecoin issued by Circle, providing a stable digital alternative for euro transactions.

Key considerations:

• Regulatory compliance – Ensure the stablecoin follows financial regulations in your operating regions.
• Blockchain network – Some stablecoins operate on multiple blockchains (Ethereum, Tron, Solana). Choosing the right network affects transaction speed and fees.
• Liquidity and acceptance – Businesses should opt for stablecoins with high liquidity and broad industry adoption.

Choosing the right stablecoin is essential for seamless global transactions while ensuring stability and security.

The future of stablecoins in global finance

Stablecoins are no longer just a niche tool—they are gaining mainstream acceptance among businesses, financial institutions, and regulators.

Growing adoption – Companies like PayPal and Visa are integrating stablecoins into their payment systems.

Institutional backing – Banks and investment firms are exploring stablecoin use for settlements and asset management.

Regulation on the rise – Governments are working on stablecoin frameworks, aiming to balance innovation with security.

Emerging financial products – Stablecoin-based loans, savings accounts, and remittance services are expanding the financial ecosystem.

As stablecoins evolve, their role in global financial management will only grow, making them a key tool for businesses worldwide.

Conclusion

Currency volatility remains a major challenge for businesses operating globally, as traditional hedging strategies are often expensive and inefficient, leaving companies searching for a better way to manage financial risk.

As outlined above, stablecoins offer a simple, effective, and low-cost solution to tackling currency fluctuations. By providing price stability, fast transactions, and reduced banking dependency, stablecoins empower businesses to operate seamlessly across borders.

For companies looking to future-proof their global financial operations, stablecoins are an answer worth considering. Now is the time to explore how they can be integrated into your business strategy: and we’re here to help.

The crypto market stands at an intriguing crossroads as we move into 2025. After some landmark events in 2024, including the approval of major ETFs and significant institutional adoption, the digital asset space is evolving from its speculative origins into a more mature market. With this transformation comes both opportunities and challenges that could reshape the current landscape. Here’s what’s worth keeping your eyes on in 2025.

Note: the cryptocurrency market remains a highly complex arena. The trends and developments discussed here are based on current market observations and should not be considered as investment advice. As always, conduct your own thorough research and risk assessment, and consult a financial advisor if necessary.

1. Bitcoin's post-ETF evolution

The introduction of Bitcoin ETFs has fundamentally altered market dynamics. Historical data shows that similar levels of institutional ownership in traditional assets like gold typically precede periods of reduced volatility and steady value appreciation.

BlackRock’s CEO, Larry Fink, recently stated, “Developments could open the floodgate of institutional allocation and drive significant inflows into Bitcoin investment products, particularly BTC spot ETFs, which are likely to see their assets under management (AUM) swell as BTC becomes further entrenched in traditional investment frameworks.”

Whether more digital asset ETFs are approved or more institutional investors enter the market, analysts will be watching closely.

2. Corporate blockchain integration

Beyond simple investment, major corporations are integrating blockchain technology into their operations. According to a report, more than half (52%) of Fortune 100 companies have pursued crypto, blockchain, or Web3 initiatives since the start of 2020. This highlights a significant trend toward blockchain adoption among major corporations.

This corporate adoption could also create additional demand for both established cryptocurrencies and specialised enterprise tokens. Market analysts will be watching whether this continues on the same trajectory.

3. The rise of tokenised traditional markets

Asset tokenisation transforms physical assets like real estate, art, or commodities into digital tokens on a blockchain, representing ownership or shares and simplifying transactions.

A Chainlink report estimates that the tokenised asset market could reach $10 trillion by 2030. As of September 2024, tokenised assets were valued at about $118.6 billion, with Ethereum holding 58% of the market share. This includes everything from real estate and commodities to stocks and bonds. 

On top of that, the efficiency gains from tokenisation could potentially reduce transaction costs by up to 90% while enabling 24/7 trading of traditionally illiquid assets.

4. Emerging market crypto adoption

Cryptocurrencies are significantly reshaping financial landscapes in developing economies. The Inter-American Development Bank highlights that crypto platforms have driven down remittance transfer costs, from 6.4% to 1.8%, making cross-border payments more affordable. Meanwhile, the World Bank projects that blockchain technologies could help provide financial services to 250 million unbanked individuals by 2026.

In countries like Venezuela, 35% of the population uses cryptocurrencies as an inflation hedge, a trend noted by the Brookings Institution. Additionally, nations like Kenya, Rwanda, and Panama are leading blockchain innovations in sectors like agriculture, land registration, and financial services, signaling a fundamental shift in economic infrastructure.

5. DeFi 2.0: the next generation

Decentralised Finance (DeFi) is evolving beyond its initial applications. Funds Society, along with other firms, predict that total value locked (TVL) in DeFi protocols will exceed $200 billion by Q4 2025. The focus is shifting from pure lending and trading to more sophisticated applications like tokenised real-world assets, automated portfolio management, and institutional-grade financial products.

This projection aligns with broader industry forecasts. Analysts also anticipate that decentralised exchange (DEX) trading volumes will reach around $4 trillion, capturing about 20% of the market share.

In essence, DeFi is expanding beyond its initial applications, with projections indicating substantial growth in TVL and a shift toward more sophisticated financial products. The integration of traditional financial services and the tokenisation of real-world assets are key trends shaping the future of DeFi.

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Market context

It's important to remember that these developments are occurring against a backdrop of broader economic changes, so anything is possible. As the relationship between traditional markets and cryptocurrencies continues to evolve, digital assets are increasingly being recognised as a distinct asset class, rather than just speculative investments. 

Looking ahead

While the crypto market has historically been characterised by significant volatility, the institutional infrastructure being built suggests a potentially different pattern emerging. The combination of regulatory clarity, institutional involvement, and real-world adoption could create new market dynamics unlike anything seen in previous cycles.

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Decoding the disconnect: America's cautious approach to crypto
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Bitcoin and the broader crypto market have soared to a staggering $2.1 trillion in value, but why does skepticism still linger among so many Americans? 

Despite increasing adoption, digital currencies remain shrouded in doubt, revealing a significant trust gap that continues to challenge the industry. As cryptocurrencies become more woven into everyday financial transactions, closing this trust deficit is essential for ensuring sustained growth and mainstream acceptance.

In this article, we'll dive into the key reasons behind this persistent mistrust, uncover the expanding real-world uses of digital assets, and explore how education and technological advancements can help bridge the confidence gap. Keep in mind, the data presented draws from multiple studies, so some figures and age groupings may vary slightly.

A Look at the Current State of Crypto Trust

To truly understand cryptocurrency adoption and the accompanying trust issues, it’s essential to examine the latest statistics and demographic data. This section breaks down public sentiment toward crypto and provides a snapshot of its user base.

General Public Sentiment

Percentage of Americans Who Own Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency adoption has seen slow but steady growth over the years. According to surveys conducted by Pew Research Center in 2021 and 2023, 17% of Americans have invested in, traded, or used cryptocurrency, up slightly from 16% in 2021. 

While estimates vary, Security.org places this figure higher, estimating that roughly 40% of the U.S. population - around 93 million adults - own some form of cryptocurrency.

Both studies agree that younger generations are driving much of this growth, with 30% of Americans aged 18-29 reporting they have experience with crypto.

Trust Levels in Cryptocurrency

Despite rising adoption rates, trust in cryptocurrency remains a significant hurdle. Pew Research Center found that 75% of Americans have little or no confidence that cryptocurrency exchanges can safeguard their funds. Similarly, a recent report by Morning Consult shows that 7 in 10 consumers familiar with crypto express low or no trust in it. 

This contrasts the 31% who have some or high trust, or the 24% in the Pew study who are “somewhat” to “extremely” confident in cryptocurrencies.

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Demographics of Crypto Adopters

1. Age Groups

Cryptocurrency adoption trends reveal a distinct generational divide. According to the 2023 Morning Consult survey, Gen Z adults (ages 18-25) lead in crypto ownership at 36%, closely followed by Millennials at 30%. 

These younger groups are also more inclined toward future investments, with 39% of Gen Z and 45% of Millennials planning to invest in crypto in the coming years. Over half of both generations view cryptocurrency and blockchain as the future, while a notable percentage (27% of Gen Z and 21% of Millennials) considered opening an account with a crypto exchange in the past year.

When compared to other asset classes, data from Bankrate’s 2021 survey reveals that younger Millennials (ages 25-31) favor real estate and stock market investments, while Baby Boomers have the least interest in cryptocurrency. Older Millennials (32-40) lean toward cash investments, with cryptocurrency’s appeal steadily declining with age.

Interestingly, the report also highlights gender differences, showing that 80% of women familiar with crypto express low confidence, compared to 71% of men, indicating a broader trust gap among female users.

2. Income Levels

Contrary to common assumptions, cryptocurrency adoption is not confined to high-income individuals. The same Pew Research Center survey revealed that crypto ownership is relatively evenly spread across income brackets:

• 13% of those earning less than $56,600 annually own crypto.
• 19% of those earning between $56,600 and $169,800 own crypto.
• 22% of those earning over $169,800 own crypto.

This data suggests that while higher earners may be more inclined to own cryptocurrency, the appeal of digital assets spans various income levels.

3. Educational Background

Education also plays a role in crypto adoption. A 2022 report by Triple-A found that the majority of crypto owners are “highly educated”:

• 24% of crypto owners have graduated from middle or high school.
• 10% have some vocational or college education.
• 39% are college graduates.
• 27% hold postgraduate degrees.

This shows that while those with some college education or a degree are more likely to own crypto, it is not exclusively a pursuit of the highly educated.

This demographic data paints a picture of cryptocurrency adopters as predominantly younger, spread across a range of income levels, and with diverse educational backgrounds. However, the trust gap between crypto and traditional financial systems remains a significant barrier to wider acceptance of digital assets.

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Key Trust Barriers

To bridge the gap between cryptocurrency adoption and trust, it’s crucial to understand the major concerns fueling skepticism. This section explores these concerns and contrasts them with similar risks in traditional financial systems.

The Primary Concerns of Skeptics

Volatility

One of the most significant barriers to cryptocurrency adoption is its notorious volatility, particularly for investors seeking stable, long-term assets. Bitcoin, the most well-known cryptocurrency, symbolizes this risk.

In 2022, Bitcoin’s volatility was stark. Its 30-day volatility reached 64.02% in June, driven by broader economic uncertainty and market downturns, compared to the S&P 500’s much lower volatility of 4.71% during the same period. 

Over the course of the year, Bitcoin’s price swung from a peak of $47,835 to a low of $18,490, marking a substantial 61% decline from its highest point in 2022. Factors such as rising interest rates, geopolitical tensions, and major crypto market disruptions, like the TerraUSD collapse and Celsius’ liquidity crisis, played a pivotal role.

This extreme volatility reinforces the perception of cryptocurrencies as high-risk investments.

However, traditional stock markets, while typically more stable than crypto, can also experience sharp fluctuations, especially in times of economic stress. For instance, the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), which measures expected near-term volatility in the U.S. stock market, dropped by 23% to 28.71 on June 30, 2022, far below the 82.69 peak recorded during the early COVID-19 market turbulence in March 2020. This shows that even stock markets, generally seen as safer, can experience moments of intense volatility, particularly during global crises.

Additionally, when compared to the "Magnificent Seven" (a group of top-performing and influential stocks) Bitcoin’s volatility doesn't stand out as unusual. In fact, over the past two years, Bitcoin has shown less volatility than Netflix (NFLX) stock. 

On a 90-day timeframe, NFLX had an average realized volatility of 53%, while Bitcoin’s was slightly lower at 46%. The reality is that among all S&P 500 companies, Bitcoin has demonstrated lower annualized historical volatility than 33 of the 503 constituents. 

In October 2023, Bitcoin was actually less volatile than 92 stocks in the S&P 500, based on 90-day realized historical volatility figures, including some large-cap and mega-cap companies.

Security

Security concerns are another major hurdle in building trust with cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets have been targeted by numerous high-profile hacks and frauds, raising doubts about the safety of digital assets. It comes as no surprise that a study from Morning Consult found that 67% of Americans believe having a secure and trustworthy platform is essential to entering the crypto market.

While security threats in the crypto space are well-documented, traditional banking systems are not immune to fraud either. Federal Trade Commission data reveals that consumer fraud losses in the traditional financial sector hit a record high of $10 billion in 2023, marking a 14% increase from the previous year.

 Although traditional banks have more safeguards in place to protect consumers, they remain vulnerable to attacks, showing that security is a universal challenge across both crypto and traditional finance. 

Prevention remains key, which in this case equates to using only reliable platforms or hardwallets. 

Regulatory Uncertainty

Regulatory ambiguity continues to be a critical barrier for both cryptocurrency investors and businesses. The evolving landscape creates uncertainty about the future of digital assets.

Currently, cryptocurrency is legal in 119 countries and four British Overseas Territories, covering more than half of the world’s nations. Notably, 64.7% of these countries are emerging and developing economies, primarily in Asia and Africa. 

However, only 62 of these 119 countries (52.1%) have comprehensive regulations in place. This represents significant growth from 2018, when only 33 jurisdictions had formal regulations, showing a 53.2% increase, but still falls short in creating a sense of “unified safety”.

In the United States, regulatory views remain fragmented. Various agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), have conflicting perspectives on how to classify and regulate cryptocurrencies. Since 2019, the SEC has filed over 116 crypto-related lawsuits, adding to the regulatory uncertainty faced by the industry.

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The Growing Integration Of Digital Assets In Daily Life

As we progress further into the digital age, cryptocurrencies and digital assets are increasingly becoming part of our everyday financial transactions. This shift is driven by two key developments: the rise of crypto payment options and the growing adoption of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs).

According to a MatrixPort report, global cryptocurrency adoption has now reached 7.51% of the population, underscoring the expanding influence of digital currencies worldwide. By 2025, this rate is expected to surpass 8%, signaling a potential shift from niche usage to mainstream acceptance.

The list of major retailers embracing cryptocurrency as a payment method continues to grow. Some notable companies now accepting crypto include:

• Microsoft: Accepts Bitcoin for Xbox store credits.
• AT&T: The first major U.S. mobile carrier to accept crypto payments.
• Whole Foods: Accepts Bitcoin via the Spedn app.
• Overstock: One of the first major retailers to accept Bitcoin.
• Starbucks: Allows customers to load their Starbucks cards with Bitcoin through the Bakkt app.

A 2022 Deloitte survey revealed that nearly 75% of retailers plan to accept either cryptocurrency or stablecoin payments within the next two years. This trend highlights the growing mainstream acceptance of digital assets as a legitimate payment method.

Crypto-backed debit cards are further bridging the gap between digital assets and everyday transactions. These cards enable users to spend their cryptocurrency at any merchant that accepts traditional debit cards. 

According to Factual Market Research, the global crypto card market is projected to reach $9.5 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 31.6% from 2021 to 2030. This growth reflects the increasing popularity of crypto-backed debit cards as a way for consumers to integrate their digital assets into daily spending.

The Rise of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)

Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) represent digital versions of a country’s fiat currency, issued and regulated by the national monetary authority. In 2024, the global progress of CBDCs has seen a significant uptick, with marked advances in both research and adoption. As of this year:

• 11 countries have fully launched CBDCs, including the Bahamas, Nigeria, Jamaica, and China.
• 44 countries are conducting pilot programs, up from 36, reflecting growing interest in testing the functionality and stability of digital currencies.
• 66 nations are at advanced stages of CBDC development, contributing to a global landscape where 134 countries (accounting for 98% of the world’s economy) are engaged in CBDC projects.

In the United States, the Federal Reserve is exploring the feasibility of a CBDC through Project Hamilton, a collaborative research initiative with MIT. This exploration aligns with broader goals to reduce reliance on cash, enhance financial inclusion, and improve control over national monetary systems amid the rise of digital payments and cryptocurrencies.

The introduction of CBDCs could significantly reshape daily financial transactions in several ways:

• Increased financial inclusion: CBDCs could offer digital payment access to the 1.4 billion adults who remain unbanked, according to World Bank estimates.
• Faster and cheaper transactions: CBDCs could streamline both domestic and cross-border payments, reducing costs and settlement times.
• Enhanced monetary policy: Central banks would gain more direct control over money supply and circulation.
• Improved traceability: CBDCs could help combat financial crimes and reduce tax evasion by providing greater transaction transparency.

However, challenges persist, including concerns about privacy, cybersecurity risks, and the potential disruption of existing banking systems.

As digital assets continue to integrate into everyday life, they hold the potential to transform how we think about and use money. Despite these challenges, trends in both private cryptocurrency adoption and CBDC development point to a future where digital assets play a central role in our financial systems.

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Building Trust Through Technology and Education

According to the 2023 Web3 UI/UX Report, nearly 48% of users cite security concerns and asset protection as the primary barriers to crypto adoption. Other challenges include high transaction fees and the steep learning curve needed to fully grasp both the technology and its benefits.

Despite these obstacles, the blockchain sector has made significant strides as it matures, particularly in enhancing security. Hack-related losses in the crypto market dropped from $3.7 billion in 2022 to $1.8 billion in 2023, underscoring the progress in safeguarding digital assets.

The increased adoption of offline hardware wallets and multi-signature wallets, both of which add critical layers of security, reflects this momentum. Advances in smart contract auditing tools and stronger compliance standards are also minimizing risks, creating a safer environment for both users and institutions. 

These improvements highlight the industry’s commitment to establishing a more secure foundation for digital transactions and bolstering confidence in blockchain as a reliable financial technology.

In another positive development, in May 2023, the European Council approved the first comprehensive legal framework for the cryptocurrency industry. This legislation sets a new standard for regulatory transparency and oversight, further reinforcing trust.

Financial Literacy Initiatives

The rise of crypto education in the U.S. is playing a pivotal role in increasing public understanding and encouraging adoption. Programs such as Coinbase Earn aim to simplify the onboarding process for new users, directly addressing the complexity and security concerns that often deter people from engaging with crypto.

According to recent data, 43% of respondents feel that insufficient knowledge is a key reason they avoid the sector, highlighting the ongoing need for crypto-related learning. 

Additionally, Chainalysis' 2024 Global Crypto Adoption Index noted a significant increase in crypto interest following the launch of spot Bitcoin ETFs in the U.S. earlier in the year. This development enabled investors to trade ETF shares tied to Bitcoin directly on stock exchanges, making it easier to enter the market without needing extensive technical expertise - thus driving a surge in adoption.

These advancements in security and education are gradually fostering greater trust in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. As the sector continues to evolve, these efforts may pave the way for broader adoption and deeper integration of digital assets into daily financial life.

The Future of Digital Asset Adoption

As digital assets continue to evolve and capture mainstream attention, their potential to transform the financial landscape is becoming increasingly evident. From late 2023 through early 2024, global crypto transaction volumes surged, surpassing the peaks of the 2021 bull market (as illustrated below).

Interestingly, much of this growth in adoption was driven by lower-middle income countries, highlighting the global reach of digital assets.

Below, we explore projections for cryptocurrency usage and its potential impact on traditional banking and finance.

Projections for Crypto Usage in the Next 5-10 Years

Several studies and reports offer insights into the expected growth of cryptocurrency over the next decade:

Global Adoption
The global cryptocurrency market revenue is projected to reach approximately $56.7 billion in 2024, with the United States leading the charge, expected to generate around $9.8 billion in revenue. Statista predicts the number of global crypto users will hit 861 million by 2025, marking a significant shift toward mainstream use.

Institutional Adoption
The 2023 Institutional Investor Digital Assets Study found that 65% of the 1,042 institutional investors surveyed plan to buy or invest in digital assets in the future. 

As of 2024, digital currency usage among U.S. organisations is expanding, particularly in sectors such as finance, retail, and technology. Hundreds of financial services and fintech firms are now involved in digital assets, whether in payment processing, investments, or blockchain-based applications. This includes major companies utilising cryptocurrencies as stored value and exploring stablecoin use cases to enhance transaction efficiency.

Notably, major U.S. companies are increasingly engaging with blockchain and digital assets, as regulatory clarity improves and security concerns are addressed.

Retail Adoption
At present, about 85% of major retailers generating over $1 billion in annual online sales accept cryptocurrency payments. In contrast, 23% of mid-sized retailers, with online sales between $250 million and $1 billion, currently accept crypto payments. This growing trend points to an expanding role for digital assets in retail, especially among large-scale businesses.

Potential Impact on Traditional Banking and Finance

The rise of digital asset utilisation is poised to reshape traditional banking systems in multiple areas. For starters, the growth of blockchain technology and digitised financial services is driving the decentralised finance (DeFi) market, which is projected to reach $450 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 46%.

In Q3 2024 alone, trading on decentralised exchanges surpassed $100 billion, marking the third consecutive month of growth in trading volume. This trend underscores the increasing interest and activity in the decentralised finance space.

As Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are likely to be adopted by 80% of central banks by 2030, the role of commercial banks in money distribution could diminish significantly. Meanwhile, blockchain technology and stablecoins are expected to revolutionise cross-border B2B payments, with 20% of these transactions powered by blockchain by 2025. Stablecoin payment volumes are projected to hit $620 billion by 2026.

Furthermore, the investment landscape is set to evolve as asset tokenisation scales, potentially reaching a value of $16 trillion, making crypto a standard component in investment portfolios. 

With regulatory clarity expected to improve - more than half of financial institutions anticipate clearer rules within the next three years - crypto integration is likely to become more widespread. These developments emphasise the transformative potential of digital assets across payments, investments, and financial structures globally.

Bridging the trust gap in crypto adoption

The cryptocurrency landscape is experiencing a surge in institutional interest, which could be a pivotal moment for integrating digital assets into traditional finance. Financial giants like BlackRock are at the forefront of this movement, signaling a shift in mainstream perception and adoption of cryptocurrencies.

Historically, the introduction of new investment vehicles around Bitcoin has spurred market growth. As Markus Thielen, founder of 10x Research, highlights, the launch of spot ETFs could bring about a new wave of institutional involvement, potentially driving the next phase of market expansion.

This growing institutional momentum, combined with evolving regulatory frameworks, is reshaping the crypto ecosystem. However, a key question remains: Will these developments be enough to close the trust gap and push cryptocurrencies into mainstream adoption?

As we stand at this crossroads, the future of digital assets hangs in the balance. The coming years will be critical in determining whether cryptocurrencies can overcome persistent skepticism and fully integrate into the global financial system, or if they will remain a niche, yet impactful, financial instrument.
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