Learning the friendly way

Step into the realm of bear markets, a world where uncertainty reigns, prices take a plunge, and investor confidence and market sentiment tremble.

Whether you're a seasoned investor or just dipping your toes into the financial waters, understanding bear markets is crucial to safeguard your investments and making sound decisions during challenging times. Picture a bear market as a phase in the market cycle where prices stubbornly decline across different asset classes like stocks, bonds, or commodities. It's like sailing through stormy seas, with pessimism in the air and economic challenges ahead.

In this article, we're here to shed light on the defining characteristics of bear markets, unravel the factors that drive their descent, and equip you with practical strategies to weather the storm. We aim to empower you with the knowledge and tools needed to navigate bear markets successfully, whether you're trading the stock markets or cryptocurrencies.

What is a bear market?

A bear market refers to a phase in the market cycle characterized by prolonged price declines across various asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, cryptocurrencies, or commodities. It is the opposite of a bull market, where optimism prevails and prices soar.

During a bear market, investor sentiment is dominated by pessimism and uncertainty. Prices experience a prolonged downward trend, typically resulting in a decline of 20% or more from previous market highs. The average bear market lasts from a few months to several years.

A bear market occurs during times of a weak or slowing economy, with several factors contributing to its onset. Economic slowdowns, recessionary conditions, or negative events can trigger a shift in investor sentiment. Factors such as poor corporate earnings, geopolitical tensions, financial crises, or adverse macroeconomic indicators can erode confidence and spark a sustained period of downward spiral in prices.

Bear vs bull market

Unlike bull markets, where rising prices create opportunities for capital gains, a bear market poses significant challenges. Investors often face declining portfolio values and may experience financial losses. Investors tend to exhibit caution, with a focus on capital preservation and defensive strategies.

How to navigate bear market territory

Investing in a bear market requires a different approach than in a bull market. Defensive strategies, such as reducing exposure to high-risk assets, reallocating to safer investments like bonds or cash equivalents, and adopting hedging techniques, are commonly used. Investors may also use this time to seek out undervalued opportunities, look to selective stock picking, or explore assets that tend to perform well in downturns, such as defensive stocks or precious metals.

While bear markets can be challenging, they also present unique opportunities. Savvy investors with a long-term perspective may find attractive entry points to accumulate quality assets at discounted prices. It is important, however, to exercise caution, conduct thorough research, and maintain a disciplined approach to risk management.

What does the term “bear” refer to?

In the context of a bear market, the term "bear" is used to symbolize the behavior of a bear when attacking its prey. The word "bear" signifies downward movement, as a bear swipes its paws downward. It represents a market condition where prices are falling, investor sentiment is negative, and there is an overall sense of pessimism. The term "bear" serves as a metaphor for a market that is in decline, highlighting the aggressive downward movement of prices during this phase.

The characteristics of bear markets

Bear markets possess distinct traits that differentiate them from bull markets. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for investors to navigate market downturns safely. Let's explore the defining traits of a bear market:

Negative investor sentiment

Bear markets occur when fear and uncertainty dominate investor sentiment, leading to increased caution and risk aversion.

Prolonged price declines

A bear market is marked by sustained periods of price decline across different asset classes, reflecting the prevailing negative sentiment.

Volatility and increased selling pressure

Bear markets tend to exhibit heightened volatility, with larger sell-offs and increased trading volumes as selling pressure outweighs buying interest.

Economic challenges and recessionary conditions

Economic challenges such as slowdowns or recessions often accompany bear markets, further contributing to the negative sentiment.

Declining investor confidence and reduced market participation

Investor confidence erodes, leading to reduced market participation as investors prioritize capital preservation and minimize losses.

Defensive sector performance

Certain defensive sectors like utilities, consumer staples, healthcare, and precious metals tend to show resilience during bear markets.

Opportunities for value investing

Bear markets offer opportunities for investors to capitalize on undervalued assets and benefit from the eventual market recovery.

Recognizing these bear market characteristics and knowing when it shifts from a bull market empowers investors to adjust their strategies and protect their portfolios. Defensive positioning, risk management, and a long-term perspective are crucial during market downturns. By understanding these traits, investors can potentially capitalize on opportunities and navigate the challenges of a bear market effectively.

A simple but practical tool investors use to navigate the ups and downs of market cycles is implementing dollar cost averaging where traders buy the asset or stocks at regular intervals despite what the price might be. This tool has proven useful when trading on stock markets such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) or S&P 500.

The benefits of a bear market

While bear markets present unique challenges, they also offer valuable benefits for strategic investors. Here are the advantages of a bear market:

Buying opportunities at discounted prices

In the stock market, stock prices decline, providing attractive entry points for long-term investors to acquire undervalued assets. This remains true for most other markets, including cryptocurrencies and precious metals.

Dividend yields and income generation

Dividend yields increase as stock prices decline, offering income-focused investors regular cash flow from dividend-paying stocks.

Defensive sector performance

Defensive sectors like utilities, consumer staples, and healthcare demonstrate relative resilience during a bear market, providing stability in the stock market amidst economic volatility.

Long-term value investing

Value investors can identify undervalued assets and potentially achieve substantial returns over the long run by capitalizing on the market's pessimism.

Behavioral lessons and investor growth

Unlike a bull market, navigating a bear market fosters personal and emotional growth, allowing investors to refine their strategies and become more knowledgeable for future investments.

While a bear market requires a long-term perspective and prudent strategies, similar to a bull market they too provide opportunities to take advantage of. By embracing discounted prices in the stock market and other financial markets, focusing on defensive sectors, engaging in value investing, and growing both personally and professionally, investors can emerge stronger and more resilient on their financial journey.

The risks of a bear market

In light of the above, it is also important to acknowledge and navigate the risks associated with downturned market conditions. Below, we explore the potential risks associated with investing during a bear market.

Portfolio declines and losses

Decreasing stock prices can lead to losses, hindering long-term wealth accumulation. Maintaining a long-term perspective and focusing on quality investments is crucial.

Volatility and emotional stress

Increased market volatility creates emotional stress for investors. Staying disciplined and avoiding emotional decisions are important aspects to hold onto during both bear and bull markets.

Economic uncertainty and job insecurity

Economic challenges in bear market territory can result in job insecurity and reduced consumer spending. Reassessing personal finances and enhancing financial resilience is key.

Deteriorating corporate profits

Weakened economic conditions can lead to declining revenues, reduced dividends, and potential bankruptcies. Thorough research and the monitoring of a company's financial health are essential.

Psychological biases and herd mentality

Fear and herd mentality can impair decision-making, leading to irrational choices. Recognizing biases and making rational decisions based on long-term goals is vital.

Market timing challenges

Timing the market is difficult and can lead to missed opportunities or further losses. Focusing on long-term fundamentals and disciplined strategies is advisable.

Navigating the risks of a bear market requires discipline, risk management, and a long-term perspective. Maintaining a well-diversified portfolio and staying informed is crucial. Recognizing and planning for risks can help investors mitigate challenges and emerge stronger.

Previous bear runs

Previous bear runs in financial markets provide valuable lessons about the risks and challenges of market downturns. The global financial crisis of 2008 and the dot-com bubble crash of the early 2000s serve as reminders of the importance of managing risk and maintaining a diversified portfolio. These historical bear markets highlight the unpredictability of the market and the potential for widespread losses.

Lessons learned include the need to be prepared by diversifying investments, taking a long-term perspective, and staying informed. Studying the history of bear markets empowers investors to make informed decisions, adapt strategies, and navigate downturns with resilience and confidence.

In conclusion: what is a bear market?

A bear market is a time of market downturn with declining prices and investor sentiment. Understanding how a bear market works is crucial for investors. While they present opportunities like discounted prices and income generation, risks such as portfolio declines, volatility, and economic uncertainty must be navigated. Lessons from previous bear runs highlight the importance of risk management and diversification. 

By studying history, investors can make informed decisions and adapt strategies. With a long-term perspective and disciplined approach, they can harness the benefits and manage the risks of bear markets, emerging stronger and more resilient.

You may have heard of bear and bull markets; both referring to economic conditions within a market. Think about how a bull attacks, lifting you up with its horns. 

A bull  market or bullish market describes a condition within a financial market where the prices are rising or are expected to rise. The term "bull market" is most often used to refer to a financial market but refers as well to any asset that is tradable such as bonds, real estate, commodities, and currencies. Bull markets indicate investor confidence, optimism, and expectations that strong results will continue for an extended period of time.

There are two ways to What is a Bull Market?

A bull market refers to a financial market condition in which the prices of securities or assets are rising or expected to rise over an extended period. In a bull market, investors are optimistic about the future prospects of the market and are willing to buy securities, pushing prices higher.
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Bull markets are often associated with economic growth, strong corporate earnings, and low unemployment rates. In these conditions, investors are confident that businesses will continue to perform well and that the overall economy will continue to expand, leading to higher stock prices.
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Recognizing a Bull Market

To recognize a bull market, investors need to look for a sustained period of rising prices across the market or a specific asset class. This period can last anywhere from a few months to several years.
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Another way to recognize a bull market is through technical analysis. Technical analysts look at charts and other market indicators to identify patterns that signal a market trend. In a bull market, technical analysts may look for higher highs and higher lows in price movements over time.
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Impact of a Bull Market

A bull market can have a significant impact on the economy, businesses, and investors. When the stock market is performing well, businesses may have easier access to capital and credit, which can lead to increased investment and growth.
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A bull market can also lead to increased consumer confidence, as investors feel more optimistic about the economy and their financial futures. This can lead to higher consumer spending, which can, in turn, fuel economic growth.
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On the other hand, a prolonged bull market can lead to a market bubble, where prices become overinflated and unsustainable. This can lead to a market correction, where prices drop significantly, and investors may suffer losses.
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In conclusion

Bull markets can have a significant impact on the economy, businesses, and investors. Recognizing a bull market and understanding its impact can help investors make more informed investment decisions. However, it's essential to remain vigilant and avoid investing solely based on market trends, as market bubbles can lead to significant losses.

approach a bull market: selling stock for high profits or holding in hopes of rising prices in the future. Alternatively, you can also buy more assets, but most would not recommend buying on a high.

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As you navigate the waters of the cryptocurrency market you're likely to come across a term called "coin burning". In this article, we're exploring the process used to manage the token supply of projects, a means for companies to manually alter the supply (and thereby demand) of a token's circulating supply. While not adopted by every project, coin burning has proven over the years to be successful in increasing the price of a digital currency.

What Is A Coin Burn

Diving right in, a coin burn is the process of removing a certain number of tokens from circulation by sending them to an invalid address, a "black hole" of sorts. This process is written into the project's code and implemented at various increments as outlined in the whitepaper. While Bitcoin doesn't make use of coin burning, many projects on the Ethereum network, particularly ERC-20 tokens, have been known to implement it.

Through the use of a smart contract, also known as a burn function, the network would remove a specified number of tokens from circulation, decreasing the total supply and thereby (hopefully) increasing the demand. Coin burns have been known to lead to an increase in price, as the supply-demand ratio is altered.

An Example Of Coin Burning

A top 10 cryptocurrency project underwent a coin burn last year that is believed to be the biggest layer 1 token burn to date. 88.7 million LUNA, the native coin to the Terra project, were burned in November 2021 following a vote by the community. This was effectively worth $4.5 billion at the time. A few days following the coin burn the LUNA token hit a new record high. 

The burn aimed to remove value from Terra’s community pool, but in reality, it simply moved the value from the pool to the individual holders of the cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin Cash and Stellar are two other high profile cryptocurrencies that have made use of the coin burning initiative. Shiba Inu is another cryptocurrency to have undergone a coin burn, although this wasn't the initial intention of the project. The project's developers gifted half of the SHIB supply to Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin, who went on to donate 10% and burn the remaining 90%.

How Does Coin Burning Work?

Should a project wish to implement a coin burn they will need to create a smart contract. Smart contracts are digital agreements that execute when certain criteria have been met. Say a project wants to implement a coin burn every 200,000 blocks, they will create the burn function to include this instruction.

When this milestone is achieved, the coins will automatically move from the designated wallet to a wallet address that does not have a private key. Without a private key, these coins can never be recovered. The coins will then be sent from the one wallet address to the other and effectively be removed from circulation. The transaction (burn) will be added to the network's blockchain records and be available to view through the blockchain explorer.

The Downside To Coin Burning

Before you invest in a project that undergoes coin burning it is important to note that coin burning does not guarantee an increase in the coin's price. The increase in price will depend on the network, the market climate and the current sentiment. During the Shiba Inu coin burn, while the price rose considerably, it soon returned to a more stable and substantially lower level.

Coin burning can also be used by ill acting developers to deceive the community. Say a project has a total supply of 100 million tokens and allocates 10 million to the platform's developers. They could then burn 40 million tokens, increasing their hold to 60% of the circulating supply on the network.

As with all transactions conducted on the blockchain, all payments are irreversible meaning that once you burn coins they can never be recovered.

What Is Proof Of Burn?

Not to be confused with coin burning, Proof of Burn (PoB) is a consensus mechanism similar to Proof of Work and Proof of Stake. The model utilizes an element of coin burning in its mining practice and is known to use considerably less energy than its PoW counterpart.

The process requires miners to burn tokens in order to participate in the mining process. The more coins burned the more blocks they can create, meaning the more rewards (in the form of transaction fees) they can earn. Miners are still required to use mining hardware. The benefit of this is to provide a less energy-intensive blockchain network that can run optimally through a network of decentralized mining participants.

In market terminology, a bull market is a period of generally rising prices and investor optimism. The term "bull market" comes from the market that rises steadily and consistently like a healthy bull. A bear market is the opposite: It refers to a condition when prices are falling and investors are pessimistic about future market value. Historical market cycles are well defined and provide a good understanding of market trends.

It's all about cycles

The market cycle helps investors to know whether they should invest or hold back their crypto coins. To avoid making wrong market choices, investors should know market cycles so they can decide whether the crypto market is on the rise or not.

The market cycle helps people to know when the market is already booming and ready to take a plunge. This helps traders to decide which crypto coin to buy at its lowest value, hold it until market bull cycle and then sell it to make a very good profit.

The Bull Market:

A Bull market is a long run of increasing prices and investor optimism where buyers outnumber sellers. As the market bull cycle goes on, more investors will see the market as their opportunity to buy low and sell high. The result is a market cycle that is not as steep as it had previously been.

The Bear Market:

A Bear market is the opposite of a Bull market where prices are falling and investors have low expectations for future market values. The market cycles are frequently broken up into bull markets and bear markets. This market cycle happens when market prices fall and investors sell their coins, this causes market prices to drop even more until the trend reverses.

The case of the Dead/flat market

A Dead market is a term used to describe a period of time where there is not much movement in either direction but it is not a market downturn by any means. This market cycle can occur after prolonged market cycles such as bull (rising trend market) and bear (falling trend market).

The market is not a straight line, it goes up and down so even though the market has gone on for a considerable time without any market fluctuation, market volatility will eventually return.

The market can be dead for a long time but it could cause worry within investors so they should know where market cycles stand.

Since market cycles are consistent it is better to be ready for market volatility, this will help you make informed market decisions when market cycles return.

In conclusion: the market cycle is a repeating market trend that describes market fluctuations over time. When market prices increase, it is called a bull market; when prices fall, it's called a bear market. Knowledge of market cycles is an important asset for investors in the crypto market as the knowledge of swings, downturns and upturns can help make better-informed decisions with investing in cryptocurrencies.

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Du har säkert stött på begreppet fiatplånbok i kryptovärlden – men vad betyder det egentligen?

I den här guiden reder vi ut vad en fiatplånbok är, varför man använder den, och hur du själv kan komma igång.

Vad är en fiatplånbok?

En fiatplånbok är ett digitalt konto där du kan lagra, skicka och ta emot traditionella valutor, alltså fiatvalutor – precis som på ett vanligt bankkonto online.

Många kryptobörser erbjuder fiatplånböcker tillsammans med kryptoplånböcker, för att göra det enklare för användare att snabbt köpa eller sälja kryptovalutor utan att invänta långsamma banköverföringar.

Fiatplånböcker förekommer även inom fintech, där användare kan få ränta eller andra förmåner på de pengar de förvarar i plattformens e-pengatjänst. För att tillhandahålla fiatplånböcker krävs en e-pengalicens, vilket säkerställer att tjänsten regleras enligt lag.

👉 Fiatvalutor är statligt utfärdade valutor – som amerikanska dollar, euro, brittiska pund eller svenska kronor – och styrs av centralbanker i respektive land.

Hur fungerar en fiatplånbok?

En fiatplånbok fungerar på liknande sätt som ett traditionellt bankkonto. Den stora skillnaden är att den ofta finns på en kryptobörs eller en fintechplattform och inte är ansluten till en fysisk bank.

Till skillnad från kryptoplånböcker, som hanterar digitala tillgångar på en blockkedja, innehåller fiatplånböcker vanlig valuta (t.ex. SEK eller EUR) – precis som på ditt vanliga bankkonto.

Användare kan:

• Göra snabba köp av kryptovaluta utan att vänta på banköverföringar
• Växla mellan fiat och krypto inom sekunder
• Få ränta eller belöningar beroende på vilken plattform som används

🔐 Viktigt att notera: Fiatplånböcker är inte kopplade till någon blockkedja – de är helt utanför kryptosystemet och fungerar som en brygga mellan traditionella banker och kryptotjänster.

Varför använda en fiatplånbok?

Många använder fiatplånböcker av ett enda skäl: snabbhet. Banköverföringar kan ta flera arbetsdagar, vilket kan skapa problem för dig som vill:

• Reagera snabbt vid stora prisförändringar på kryptomarknaden
• Skydda din portfölj vid hög volatilitet

Tänk dig att priset på en kryptotillgång plötsligt faller över natten. Utan pengar i din fiatplånbok måste du vänta på att en banköverföring ska gå igenom – och då är priset troligen redan ändrat. Med en fiatplånbok på plats hade du kunnat köpa direkt och dra nytta av tillfället.

📈 På kryptomarknaden handlar det ofta om sekunder – och då kan en fiatplånbok göra stor skillnad.

Är mina pengar säkra i en fiatplånbok?

En fiatplånboks säkerhet beror helt på plattformen som tillhandahåller den.

De flesta seriösa aktörer, som kombinerar krypto- och fiatplånböcker, använder:

• Krypterad dataöverföring
• Tvåfaktorsautentisering (2FA), t.ex. lösenord + biometrisk inloggning eller engångskod
• Regelverk för e-pengalicenser för att följa lokal lagstiftning

Säkerhetsnivån i en fiatplånbok är alltså jämförbar med den i kryptoplånböcker – och i många fall lika hög som hos digitala banker.

Så här använder du fiatplånböcker i Tap-appen

Med Tap-appen kan du enkelt sätta in pengar i en reglerad och säker fiatplånbok.

Så här gör du:

1. Gå till Startskärmen
2. Välj Cash Wallet
3. Välj den fiatvaluta du vill ladda (t.ex. EUR eller GBP)
4. Välj mellan banköverföring eller betalkort
5. Genomför transaktionen

💡 Dina pengar kommer att visas i fiatplånboken så snart banken bekräftat överföringen. Därefter kan du:

• Använda dem för att köpa kryptovaluta
• Växla mellan valutor
• Eller låta dem ligga kvar som en kontant reserv

Du kan också ta ut pengar från fiatplånboken till ditt bankkonto när som helst – direkt i appen.

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Investing centers around making gains off of your initial capital. When determining the potential gains one could make there are a number of variables one needs to consider, such as how much capital one has put into the investment and what returns are associated with that asset class.

This led to the creation of ROI (return on investment), a measure that allows anyone to calculate the net profit or loss of an investment in percentage form. 

What is return on investment?

All investments, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and small businesses, come with the goal of making more money than you put in. The money you earn over and above your initial investment is called profit. When discussing investment profitability, people often use the term ROI, meaning return on investment. This metric expresses the amount of net profit one can earn/earned as a percentage of what the initial investment was.

ROI can help you assess if buying property or investing in a business is worth it. It's also helped companies determine the value of adding new products, building more facilities, acquiring other businesses, advertising campaigns, etc.

ROI (return on investment) is the percentage of gain or loss on an investment relative to the total cost of the investment.  In other terms, it's a way to compare different investments in order to figure out which ones are worth pursuing. For example, you could calculate ROI to decide whether selling one stock and buying another would be a good idea.

While there is no limit to a return on investment theoretically, in practice, no investment is guaranteed to have any return. If your ROI is negative, it means you not only failed to make a profit but also lost some of your original investment. The worst possible outcome would be -100% ROI, meaning you completely lost your initial investment. An ROI of 0% signifies that you at least recovered the money you put in, but gained nothing beyond that.

While ROI is often used as a marker of profitability, it isn't foolproof. There are several limitations to calculating ROI as your only measure which include the time frame in which you will earn back your investment, inflation rates, how risky a venture is, and additional maintenance costs that may be incurred.

Calculating ROI terminology

Before we dive in, let's first cover some basic terminology.

Net profit or net income

Net profit is the amount of money left over after all operating costs, such as the cost of transaction costs or maintenance costs, and other expenses have been accounted for and subtracted from the total revenue. It is used to measure profitability. Net profit can also be called net income, net earnings, or the bottom line.

Total cost of investment

This figure will look at the amount of money invested in a particular investment.

How to calculate ROI: the ROI formula

The ROI formula is a simple equation that looks at the price change of the asset and the net profits (the initial cost of the investment minus its value when you sell it). When calculating ROI you would use this formula:

ROI = (Net Profit / Total Cost of Investment) x 100

To factor trading costs into your ROI figure, you'll use: 

ROI = ((Value of Investment - Cost of Investment – Associated Costs) / Cost of Investment) x 100

As an example, let's say you buy 5 shares of $100 each in Twitter, equating to $500. You sell them a year later for $150 each, equating to $750. Let's say you paid $5 commission on each trade, costing you $25 in trading fees. 

ROI = (($750 - $500 - $25) / $500) x 100 = 45%

This means that you made a 45% return on investment on that particular investment.

How to determine a strong ROI

A "good" return on investment is any number above 0, as this means you made some profit. However, the ideal ROI should be higher than what you could've earned had you chosen another investment (the next best thing). 

To compare this, investors often compare their earnings to what they could've made on the broader stock market or in a high-yield savings account. Using the S&P 500 as a control, over the past four decades it has made gains of around 7% (after inflation). An ROI is generally considered to be a strong one if it beats the stock market in the long term. 

It's always important to note that past performance does not equate to future results. Another pearl of wisdom to remember is that high rewards generally come alongside high risks. If an investment promises very high ROIs, consider this also means that it comes with high risks. 

Therefore, a strong ROI will vary depending on the investment's level of risk, your goals, and how much risk you're willing to take.

Where the ROI formula falls short

The main limitation of using this return on investment ROI formula as a marker of success is that it doesn't show how long it took to earn the money back. When comparing various investments, the time it takes to mature will have a significant impact on the profits you could earn.

For instance, a year loan versus a bond held for five years versus a property held for 10 years will all have varying ROIs once you've established how long it will take to earn the specified ROIs. 

In this scenario, the ROI calculations mentioned above skimp on the full story. It also doesn't account for risk. For instance, the loan repayments could be delayed or the property market might be in a slump, all affecting the potential profits earnable.

With many variables, it becomes harder to predict what the exact ROI calculation on an investment will be, so be sure to factor this in when using the return on investment ROI formula to determine how attractive an investment opportunity or business venture is. 

ROI alternatives

Although the return on investment doesn't consider how long you keep an asset, it's essential to compare the ROI of investments held for comparable lengths of time as a more clear performance measure. If that's not possible, there are a few other options.

Average Annual Return

Also known as annualized return on investment, this adjusts the ROI formula to factor in the timing. Here you would divide the ROI by the number of years you hold the asset.

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

This option is more complicated but yields more accurate results as it factors in compound interest generated over time. 

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

This measure factors in the notion that profits earned earlier outway the same profits earned later, taking into account interest that could've been earned and factors like inflation. This equation is quite complicated but there are online calculators one can use. 

Conclusion

A return on investment (ROI) is a formula used to calculate the net profit or loss of an investment in percentage form. The ROI calculation can present valuable information when investing capital or determining profitability ratios. The ROI equation looks at the initial value of one investment and determines the financial return. A negative ROI indicates that the investment returns were lower than the investment cost.