Learning the friendly way

Depuis l’arrivée de Bitcoin en 2009, le terme monnaie fiat est de plus en plus utilisé. Mais que signifie-t-il exactement ? Dans cet article, on explore l’origine de cette appellation, comment elle fonctionne, quelques exemples concrets et le rôle croissant que les cryptos jouent face à ce modèle.

Qu’est-ce qu’une monnaie fiat ?

Une monnaie fiat est une devise émise par un gouvernement, déclarée comme monnaie légale sur son territoire. Le mot "fiat" vient du latin et signifie « qu’il en soit ainsi », autrement dit, une valeur imposée par décret.

Cette monnaie, imprimée ou gérée par une banque centrale, peut être utilisée pour payer des biens, des services, ou effectuer des échanges commerciaux. Sa valeur n’est plus liée à une ressource physique comme l’or ou l’argent, mais repose sur la confiance envers le gouvernement et son autorité monétaire.

Comment fonctionne la monnaie fiat aujourd’hui ?

Depuis 2020, toutes les monnaies utilisées dans le commerce international sont officiellement des monnaies fiat. Elles sont gérées par des autorités centrales — comme la Réserve Fédérale aux États-Unis ou la BCE en Europe — qui contrôlent leur masse monétaire et leur politique économique.

Jusqu’en 1971, le dollar américain était encore rattaché à l’or. Mais cette année-là, le président Richard Nixon a mis fin à ce système (surnommé le Nixon Shock), rompant définitivement le lien entre monnaie et or.

Monnaie fiat ou monnaie fiduciaire : est-ce la même chose ?

Oui, les termes “monnaie fiat” et “monnaie fiduciaire” désignent la même chose : une devise émise par l’État et acceptée comme moyen d’échange légal. Il en existe environ 180 dans le monde, parmi lesquelles :

• Le dollar américain (USD)
• L’euro (EUR)
• La livre sterling (GBP)
• Le yen japonais (JPY)
• Le dollar canadien (CAD)

Lorsque l’on compare deux monnaies fiat, on parle de taux de change.

Monnaie fiat vs monnaie marchandise

La monnaie marchandise (commodity money) tire sa valeur de ce dont elle est faite : pièces d’or, d’argent, ou toute autre ressource physique précieuse.

La monnaie fiat, en revanche, n’a aucune valeur intrinsèque. Sa valeur repose uniquement sur la confiance accordée au gouvernement qui l’émet.

Comment la monnaie fiat est-elle née ?

Le troc comme point de départ

Avant l’invention de la monnaie, les échanges se faisaient par troc. Par exemple : 2 kg de farine contre 10 citrouilles à la récolte. Pour garder une trace, on utilisait des reçus écrits (IOU), qui devenaient échangeables.

Mais ce système avait ses limites : il fallait que chaque personne ait ce que l’autre voulait. C’est ainsi qu’est née l’idée d’une monnaie universellement acceptée, souvent basée sur des matières premières comme l’or.

De l’or aux pièces

Peser l’or à chaque transaction devenait complexe. Les gouvernements ont donc commencé à frapper des pièces standardisées, avec des bords striés pour éviter la fraude (le rognage des pièces).

L’arrivée des banques

L’or étant lourd à transporter, il était déposé dans des coffres de banques qui émettaient des certificats de propriété. Ces certificats sont devenus les précursurs des billets de banque.

Du billet à la monnaie fiat

Avec le temps, les gens ont cessé d’échanger leurs billets contre de l’or. Le papier lui-même est devenu la monnaie, et sa valeur a fini par reposer uniquement sur la confiance dans le système.

En abandonnant l’étalon-or dans les années 1930, les États ont officialisé ce passage à la monnaie fiat moderne, valable "par décret" et non plus adossée à une réserve physique.

La monnaie fiat est-elle encore pertinente aujourd’hui ?

Avec l’essor des cryptomonnaies, notre rapport à l’argent a considérablement changé. Des pays ont même reconnu Bitcoin comme monnaie légale, et l’adoption continue de croître.

Mais malgré tout, la monnaie fiat reste essentielle à l’économie mondiale. Elle continue d’être utilisée au quotidien par des milliards de personnes, pour les salaires, les impôts, les prêts, les achats…

Et les CBDC dans tout ça ?

Les CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currencies) sont une nouvelle forme de monnaie fiat. Elles utilisent la blockchain, sont émises par les banques centrales, et ont la même valeur que la monnaie nationale.

Les CBDC combinent la technologie des cryptos avec la stabilité réglementaire des monnaies fiat : elles pourraient jouer un rôle majeur dans l’évolution du système financier mondial.

En conclusion

La monnaie fiat a beaucoup évolué depuis ses origines. Si elle n’a plus de lien avec l’or ou l’argent, elle reste le pilier du système monétaire mondial.

Alors que les cryptomonnaies gagnent du terrain, la monnaie fiat s’adapte — via la digitalisation, les CBDC, ou encore les nouvelles régulations — pour continuer à répondre aux besoins d’une économie en transformation.

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When exploring the world of blockchain and its endless possibilities, it’s likely that you’ve come across the term dapps. But what are dapps? In this piece we explore the concept, decipher their place in the industry, and look at several networks that currently support them.

What are dapps?

Decentralized apps, or dapps as they’re more commonly known, are applications that are built on top of peer to peer decentralized networks. Instead of being built on one computer, with one single entity in control, dapps utilize a network of computers based anywhere around the world. With multiple computers operating and maintaining the network, dapps are able to incorporate many streams of content consumption, be it providing content, trading or consuming it. 

The advantages of dapps

Compared to standard web apps, like Twitter or Uber, these apps can handle multiple users but only one authority has control over the backend of the app. Dapps provide a more decentralized and secure approach. So while Uber connects passengers to drivers through the app for a portion of the payment, dapps essentially allow the drivers and riders to connect directly, taking no payment for the connection.

Another advantage to the world of dapps is that all transactions are transparent and stored on the blockchain of the network it is built on. Dapps also need a token to operate, which enhances the security of both the dapp and the transactions taking place. Typically dapps are also open source, allowing other developers to view the code and further drive development in the industry.

The disadvantages of dapps

As with anything in life, there are also disadvantages. As the world of dapps is still in its infancy stage, the user base is relatively low. When it comes to blockchain based projects, the more users a network has the higher functioning the network is. Unfortunately, many dapps still have a relatively low user base decreasing the functionality, however that doesn’t speak for all of them. As the blockchain and crypto worlds continue developing and reaching wider audiences, both the usability and users will increase. 

Another disadvantage is the potential vulnerability to hacking. As most dapps are created using open source smart contracts, this leaves them open to potential probing from hackers. This isn’t a given, however it has happened in the past that hackers found weaknesses in the network and were able to conduct illicit activities through them. 

How many dapps are there?

According to a dapp monitoring website, State Of The Dapps, there are currently roughly 3,500 dapps in the industry. These are spanned across a wide range of networks, including the likes of Ethereum, EOS, TRON, NEO, Steem and more. The website further reports that over $257 million has passed through the dapps industry in just twenty four hours (at the time of writing). Dapps also cover a broad range of subjects, with dapps catering to industries like energy, exchanges, finance, gambling, games, health, identity, insurance, marketplaces, media, property, security, social, storage and wallets. The most widely of which are finance, security and exchanges.

A look into Ethereum dapps

The most widely used network to create dapps on top of, Ethereum has over 2,700 dapps built on its network. Ethereum was the first network designed to provide a blockchain platform on which developers could build their own decentralized applications. Ethereum was also the first network that allowed developers to create and execute their own smart contracts, an essential ingredient to the making of dapps. 

According to DappRadar, the three biggest dapps currently on the Ethereum network are DeFi projects and an exchange. Coming in at first place based on its current market cap is Uniswap, a defi protocol (exchange) that facilitates the trading of cryptocurrencies. Uniswap has an estimated 48,950 active users. Also dabbling in the world of DeFi, the second largest dapp on the Ethereum network is compound, a protocol that allows users to lend and borrow crypto. The third largest is MakerDAO, a smart contract that facilitates user interaction with the Dai stablecoin system.

A look into EOS dapps

Similar to Ethereum but with fewer transaction fees, the Entrepreneurial Operating System was designed to provide developers with a platform on which to build their blockchain based endeavours. As the second largest platform on which dapps are currently created, let’s explore the three largest dapps currently operating on the network. Coming in first place is Joule, a dapp which promotes financial inclusion and social change through determining the Global Popularity Index in real time. The next two entries both fall into the DeFi category, being Defibox and VIGOR.

The power of dapps

While many dapps are still in the experimental phase, there is also a large amount of money circulating in the industry and millions of users indicating a promising market. Thanks to dapps’ wide use range and the amount of innovation in the industry at present, the dapp industry is likely to continue growing and become a permanent fixture in many peoples’ lives, whether crypto inclined or not.

Cryptocurrency whitepapers are detailed documents that outline the project's intentions, products, and infrastructure. While there isn't a rule on what needs to be included, most projects aim to share as much information about how the project aims to succeed in the hopes of building investors' trust, and interest.

Some of the topics typically covered include a summary of the project's team, goals, products, features, and tokenomics. When researching a blockchain or cryptocurrency project, whitepapers are a very good place to start.

What is a whitepaper?

A typical cryptocurrency whitepaper is usually a report or guide that teaches its readers about a certain topic or problem. As an example, developers might make a whitepaper covering their software to inform users about what they are constructing and why.

In the crypto space, a whitepaper is released by a project and assists in outlining the technical guidelines and core features of the project. While many whitepapers focus on specific coins or tokens, they can also be concentrated around various types of projects, like decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms, for example.

Cryptocurrency whitepapers will typically consist of statistics and diagrams outlining the project's core date, as well as the governing structure of the project, the team involved in creating and leading it, and their roadmap (current and future development plans).

What value do crypto project whitepapers serve?

Despite not being worth a monetary value, whitepapers play an important role in the crypto space. While there are no official criteria for creating them, whitepapers are integral to investors, researchers, developers, and industry insiders.

A great place to start for anyone interested in a project is to read through the whitepaper. If you're considering investing, it's best to meticulously read through it again. Whitepapers often provide insights into the project's potential red flags and a means to monitor whether they are sticking to their forecasted timeline.

A number of blockchain projects that have crashed displayed subtle warning signs in their whitepaper, like promising a deliverable without providing any evidence on how it will be executed.

How does one make a cryptocurrency whitepaper?

There are no official rules or outlines that projects need to follow when creating a crypto whitepaper, each blockchain project may determine what is best for that individual situation. As mentioned earlier, these are often the first official documents outlining the project to potential investors, so thorough and informative content depicting the project's structure, goals, and roadmap is best included.

Whitepapers should always be neutral, and avoid persuasive language or making too many promises. This is essentially a "business plan" in the crypto sense released to investors or the public prior to launching.

What info is included whitepaper?

Objectives

Whitepapers are created by founders to provide a comprehensive overview of both the project and the goal. For instance, Bitcoin's whitepaper describes the project's core objective as "A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution."

While Ethereum's whitepaper describes its intention as "The intent of Ethereum is to create an alternative protocol for building decentralized applications."

In a good cryptocurrency whitepaper, the project will outline what specific problem it aims to solve, and how it will improve various aspects of people's lives. Be cautious of projects that promise the world but have little in the way of evidence to back these claims. In the ICO boom of 2017, thousands of projects overpromised and underdelivered (if they delivered at all).

Blockchain specifications

Whitepapers will typically include how the cryptocurrency will work and function in the greater crypto ecosystem. This might outline technical aspects like the consensus mechanism the blockchain will utilize and how the decentralized aspect of the network will function.

Tokenomics

Another core piece of information that should be included in a project's whitepaper is the tokenomics. This will include information on the token, how it will be allocated, whether will it participate in token burns, or any incentive mechanisms.

Roadmaps

Roadmaps (a project timeline)are not just useful to see how a project aims to deliver on its objectives, but also provide insights into whether the project can keep up with its promises. While missing a deadline isn't a deal breaker in the crypto space, being open and communicating why is important.

Readability

A well-articulated whitepaper will typically be written in a manner that anyone can understand them. However, its important for the new blockchain project to also include certain technical specifications to provide evidence of the project's competence. Anyone can write a whitepaper, it takes technical know-how to create a blockchain platform.

Tips for reading a cryptocurrency whitepaper

• first and foremost, ALWAYS read a project's whitepaper before investing
• read whitepapers with a pinch of salt, they must be neutral and not over-promise
• Look into the team members and their experience in the crypto and blockchain realm
• a great idea doesn't necessarily mean it will be used or adopted
• look for technical explanations that showcase the project's understanding

Examples of crypto projects’ whitepapers

The Bitcoin whitepaper (2008)

The instigator of the entire cryptocurrency industry, Satoshi Nakamoto, an anonymous individual or group, published the Bitcoin whitepaper in 2008. The paper is called "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System."

The whitepaper explains how Bitcoin can be used as a more efficient and decentralized form of money, outside the traditional banking model. It gives technical explanations of how the peer-to-peer Bitcoin network allows users to send digital currency without intermediaries. The whitepaper also outlines how the Bitcoin network is resistant to censorship and double-spending attacks.

The project launched two months later in January 2009.

The Ethereum whitepaper (2014)

While Bitcoin launched the crypto industry, Ethereum played a pivotal role in the development of the blockchain space. The Ethereum whitepaper was published in 2014 by a young developer named Vitalik Buterin and titled "Ethereum whitepaper: A Next Generation Smart Contract & Decentralized Application Platform."

In the Ethereum whitepaper, Vitalik outlines how the platform's intentions differ from Bitcoin's. The whitepaper outlined how the platform would allow developers to create and launch decentralized applications (now commonly known as dapps) and included technological solutions that backed these goals, such as the Ethereum Virtual Machine and smart contracts.

In conclusion

Crypto whitepapers are not legally regulated, meaning that anyone can write one. Although a cryptocurrency whitepaper should provide readers with an understanding of what the project plans to do and how, it's crucial, if you're interested in a particular project, to consider red flags and risks when reading through the document.

Rug pull crypto : de quoi parle-t-on ?

Vous avez peut-être déjà vu passer le terme rug pull dans l’univers des cryptomonnaies. Mais qu’est-ce que ça veut dire exactement ? Contrairement aux schémas de type pump and dump, un rug pull est une technique frauduleuse particulièrement répandue dans les coins et tokens peu connus.

Définition d’un rug pull

Un rug pull est une escroquerie dans laquelle des développeurs créent un projet crypto puis disparaissent avec les fonds des investisseurs.

Cela se produit souvent dans le monde de la finance décentralisée (DeFi), notamment sur les échanges décentralisés (DEX). Voici comment cela fonctionne :

1. Des développeurs créent un nouveau token et le listent sur un DEX.
2. Ils le lient à une cryptomonnaie populaire comme l’Ethereum.
3. Pour attirer les investisseurs, ils injectent temporairement beaucoup de liquidités dans le pool et lancent une campagne marketing sur les réseaux sociaux (Twitter, Telegram, etc.).
4. Une fois qu’un grand nombre d’utilisateurs échangent leurs ETH contre ce nouveau token, les développeurs retirent toutes les liquidités, faisant chuter la valeur à zéro et empochant les fonds.

Ce type d’arnaque touche principalement les projets très récents, jamais des projets établis comme Bitcoin ou Ethereum.

Pourquoi les DEX sont vulnérables ?

Les rug pulls sont particulièrement fréquents sur les DEX car ils ne nécessitent aucun audit préalable pour lister un token. Et comme créer un jeton ERC-20 sur Ethereum est simple et peu coûteux, cela facilite les choses pour les arnaqueurs.

Quels signaux doivent alerter ?

Même si les rug pulls sont plus rares que d’autres types de fraudes, certains signes avant-coureurs doivent vous mettre la puce à l’oreille :

• Liquidité suspecte : Assurez-vous que le projet a une liquidité verrouillée pour une durée donnée. Les projets sérieux verrouillent généralement leur pool.
• Hausse fulgurante : Un token qui prend x50 en 24h, c’est suspect. Ce type de hausse provoque un effet FOMO destiné à piéger de nouveaux investisseurs.
• Répartition des tokens : Un projet est souvent considéré comme "unruggable" si l’équipe de développement ne détient pas une majorité des tokens. En d'autres termes, pas de grande quantité entre les mains des créateurs = moins de risque de fuite.

Est-ce illégal ?

En théorie, oui. En pratique, le droit peine à suivre l’évolution rapide de la crypto. Le manque de réglementation précise rend l’identification et la poursuite des responsables difficile. Résultat : beaucoup de rug pulls restent impunis.

Exemple : le rug pull du Squid Game

L’un des rug pulls les plus médiatisés reste celui du Squid Game Token, en 2021.

Le token, inspiré de la célèbre série Netflix, a vu sa valeur grimper jusqu’à 2 861 $ par coin. Sauf qu’au sommet du buzz, le site officiel a été supprimé, les créateurs introuvables, et la liquidité a disparu. En quelques instants, le token est passé de l’euphorie à une valeur quasi nulle, tandis que les créateurs repartaient avec plus de 3,3 millions de dollars.

La manipulation allait encore plus loin : les développeurs avaient intégré un mécanisme anti-vente, empêchant les détenteurs de revendre leurs tokens. Un plan orchestré dès le départ.

En résumé

Les rug pulls ne sont pas les arnaques les plus fréquentes, mais elles existent et peuvent coûter cher. Le mieux est de rester vigilant face aux nouveaux projets qui font beaucoup de bruit en peu de temps. Privilégiez toujours les projets établis et prenez le temps d’analyser la solidité d’un token avant d’investir.

Dans l’univers crypto, mieux vaut prévenir que guérir.

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Sitting among the 30 biggest cryptocurrencies by market cap, Stellar is focused on bridging the gap between the business of blockchain and the traditional financial institutions. The platform provides a means for users to send assets and money through the blockchain, utilising a decentralised network of authenticators.

Redefining the financial landscape, Steller presents a digital transformation on the traditional services users have become accustomed to. Merging innovation with a practical application, the network is able to help users around the world, as well as financial industries, achieve a more streamlined service. Let's explore what Stellar is.

What is Stellar (XLM)?

Before we dive into the "what", let's first stipulate that one stellar is known as a lumen and uses the ticker XLM. Stellar launched in July 2014 and soon afterwards changed its strategy to be more focused on integrating blockchain technology into financial institutions. 

The concept behind Stellar is to provide a space in which users can transfer everything from traditional crypto and fiat currencies to tokens representing new and existing assets, increasing their transaction performance by using lumens.

Similar to the Ripple XRP network, Stellar is designed to cater to both payment providers and financial institutions, building a bridge between the blockchain and traditional financial sector. Developing on the Ripple concept, Stellar has also positioned itself as an exchange as its ledger has an inbuilt order book that keeps track of all the assets on the network. 

Who Created Stellar?

The founders of Stellar are Jed McCaleb and Joyce Kim, both previously employees at Ripple. McCaleb, who founded and was acting CTO of Ripple, and lawyer Joyce Kim, decided to create Stellar after they left the Ripple team in 2013 following a disagreement on the direction that Ripple was taking. McCaleb is also credited with creating the first successful Bitcoin exchange, Mt Gox. 

McCaleb described Stellar's aim as giving people a means of moving their fiat into crypto and more seamlessly conducting international payments. The network provides cross border transactions with low transaction fees and fast executions. With leading technology and innovative problem solving, the network has made a healthy impression on both institutions and investors alike.

How Does Stellar Work?

Stellar is a hard fork off of the Ripple network with several similarities in design and functionality, however, the platform set itself apart by building in several key features. The platform is secured through the Stellar Consensus Protocol which revolves around these core business concepts: decentralised control, flexible trust, low latency, and asymptotic security.

The biggest upgrade launch came in 2015 when the platform replaced its consensus mechanism with a concept called federated Byzantine agreement. This required nodes to vote on transactions until quorums are reached. Anyone is able to join the consensus, and there are measures in place to inhibit bad actors operating with ill intent on the network.

The software behind the platform is called Stellar Core and can be altered to adhere to the needs of the operation using it. The nodes making up the network can be created to function as either Watchers, Archivers, Basic Validators or Full Validators. For example, watchers can only submit transactions while Full Validators can vote on which transactions are valid and maintain a ledger of all node activity.

Another element to the network is the Stellar Anchors. These gateways are responsible for accepting deposits of currencies and assets and issuing depictions of these on Stellar.

What Is XLM?

Known as lumens, XLM is the native cryptocurrency to the Stellar platform. XLM acts as an intermediary currency for transactions taking place on the network. With cost-effective experience priorities, every transaction on the Stellar network costs 0.00001 XLM, a fraction of a dollar (at the time of writing). 

When the platform launched in 2014, 100 billion lumens were minted, programmed to increase by 1% annually until the total supply reached 105 billion. Five years later the Stellar uses voted to end this process. 

That same year, in 2019, the Stellar Development Foundation (a non-profit organisation) reduced its share of XLM in order to regulate the Stellar economy. This brought the total supply down to 50 billion. At the time of writing, roughly 49% of this total supply is in circulation. 

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When it comes to navigating the cryptocurrency markets, staying informed and staying away from FUD can oftentimes be more complicated than one might imagine. In this article, we're going to guide you through how to recognize FUD in the blockchain space and how to avoid it. 

Since Bitcoin entered the scene in 2009, the crypto markets have seen their fair share of ups and downs. Although it's true that each market downturn has been followed by a recovery and considerable development, experienced and novice traders alike may find that times of decline are difficult to navigate. Particularly with the rise in FUD.

Before we cover the tools of the trade to recognize and avoid FUD, let's first cover what FUD is exactly.

What is FUD?

FUD in the cryptocurrency realm stands for Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt. This term is used to refer to inaccurate information released by people who wish to manipulate the markets. Releasing FUD content is intended to influence a trader to make decisions that might affect the cryptocurrency's price or their holdings in some way (usually encouraging them to sell).

While commonly used against Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies are also targeted. FUD typically leads to investors selling off their coins, leading to a panic sell which snowballs and results in a significant loss in value for the coin. 

Often mentioned alongside FUD is the term FOMO, Fear Of Missing Out. FOMO is centered around the fear of people missing out on profits, leading them to make quick decisions that aren't necessarily the best ones. While FUD tends to instigate selling an asset, FOMO tends to drive traders to buy an asset. Essentially, these two terms are designed to tap into human emotions that lead to quick decisions. 

FUD is typically released through a rumor published on a well-respected website, a negative news item, or a well-known figure expressing concerns about a certain asset (commonly done over Twitter ). Content surrounding FUD and FOMO tend to be from organizations or individuals that have something to gain from the intended action. The content is designed to strongly influence the reader. 

FUD and FOMO aren't strictly related to the crypto market, such tactics have also been witnessed in the stock market and other commodity trading spaces. The jargon has become synonymous with trading. 

How to recognise FUD

The crypto community might seem tight-knit but there are often ill-actors that gain access to the trusted space and infiltrate it with bad news. This is often seen when people use a commonly discussed topic, such as regulation, to build a narrative that isn't necessarily true to influence traders. 
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Here are several tips to ensure that you don’t fall victim to FUD:

Establish a trading goal 

Before you enter the crypto market ensure that you have definitive goals, with accompanying timelines. When faced with FUD or FOMO information, consider if the resulting actions of this news will move you closer to your goal or further away. If you stay focused on your goal you are less likely to be swayed by market sentiment. 

Build a trading strategy before entering a trade

A trading strategy generally involves determining a stop loss, entry point, target sell point, and amount of capital. By establishing this before entering the trade, you will have clear objectives to follow and be less likely to fall victim to FUD-centered misinformation. 

Stay informed, but verify sources

Keeping an eye on the crypto markets and staying informed is imperative for any trader, especially day traders. Ensure that the places that you acquire your information from are reputable and legitimate, and if something sounds suspicious, verify it through a number of other sources. 

Be patient and consistent

Engaging in crypto trading involves making well-informed decisions based on market trends and supporting technology. Rather than seeking rapid financial gains, it's important to maintain patience and consistency in working toward your goals, while staying focused on your intended path.

Navigating FUD

Despite this sounding difficult, FUD is easily avoidable if you stick to these tips above and only seek information from reliable news sources. While Twitter may have quick tips, it's also hard to determine what the author's intentions are.

Consider whether something sounds accurate or not, and always conduct your own research when considering involvement in a new project. From a financial standpoint, participating in digital currency can be a profitable endeavor, so be sure to act responsibly and observe market trends with a critical perspective.

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