Learning the friendly way

Despite radically reshaping the world’s financial landscape, the first ever cryptocurrency has limitations when interacting with newer blockchains. For example, Ethereum. Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) solves this limitation by allowing Bitcoin to function on the Ethereum network, enabling access to decentralized finance (DeFi) services.

WBTC is an ERC-20 token that represents Bitcoin 1:1 on the Ethereum blockchain, combining Bitcoin’s value with Ethereum’s smart contract power, and opening new opportunities for BTC holders in decentralized finance (DeFi). Unlike Bitcoin variants aiming to improve its technology, WBTC extends Bitcoin's utility without replacing it.

Join us in this deep dive on how WBTC works, its benefits, risks, and how it connects Bitcoin to the broader DeFi ecosystem.

Unlocking Bitcoin’s Power on Ethereum

Launched in January 2019, approximately 10 years after Bitcoin's initial release, WBTC was created as a collaborative effort between BitGo, Kyber Network, and Ren (formerly Republic Protocol), along with other major players in the DeFi space including MakerDAO, Dharma, and Set Protocol. 

As an ERC-20 token, WBTC adheres to Ethereum's token standard, making it compatible with the entire Ethereum ecosystem, including its smart contracts, decentralized applications, and wallets.

In structure, WBTC bears similarities to stablecoins like USDC or USDT, which are backed by reserve assets. However, while stablecoins aim to maintain a stable value (usually pegged to a fiat currency like the US dollar), WBTC's value fluctuates with Bitcoin's market price. 

Each WBTC token is backed by an equivalent amount of Bitcoin (BTC) held in reserve by a custodian, maintaining a strict 1:1 ratio, meaning 1 WBTC is always equivalent to 1 BTC in value.

Wrapped Bitcoin is now under the control of a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) called the WBTC DAO. This organization oversees the protocol, ensuring the integrity of the wrapping process and maintaining transparency in the system. Unlike Bitcoin's fully decentralized nature, WBTC relies on certain trusted entities to maintain the backing of the tokens, which creates an interesting balance between utility and trustworthiness.

WBTC belongs to a broader category of financial instruments known as "wrapped tokens." These are cryptocurrencies that are enclosed or "wrapped" in a digital vault and represented as another token on a different blockchain. While WBTC represents Bitcoin on Ethereum, there are other wrapped tokens in the cryptocurrency space, including Wrapped Ether (WETH) which, somewhat paradoxically, is a wrapped version of Ethereum's native token on its own blockchain that conforms more strictly to the ERC-20 standard.

Why Does Wrapped Bitcoin Exist?

Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) was created to bridge the gap between Bitcoin and newer blockchain platforms like Ethereum.

1. Bitcoin's limited smart contract functionality

Bitcoin prioritizes security over programmability, making it unsuitable for complex decentralized apps. In contrast, Ethereum supports smart contracts that power a wide range of automated financial services.

2. Access to DeFi for Bitcoin holders

Ethereum's DeFi ecosystem offers lending, trading, and yield farming, but Bitcoin holders couldn't participate without converting their BTC. WBTC solves this, letting them use Bitcoin's value within Ethereum-based applications.

3. Unlocking Bitcoin's liquidity

Bitcoin's vast market capitalization holds significant untapped liquidity. WBTC brings this capital into Ethereum's DeFi network, benefiting both Bitcoin holders and the broader ecosystem.

4. Faster, more flexible Bitcoin transactions

While Bitcoin transactions can be slow and costly, WBTC uses Ethereum's network for quicker, cheaper trades-ideal for active traders and DeFi users.

In short, WBTC enhances Bitcoin's utility without altering its core protocol, connecting it to the evolving world of decentralized finance.

How Does Wrapped Bitcoin Work? The Nuts and Bolts

Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) bridges Bitcoin and Ethereum through a secure, transparent process involving key participants and smart contracts.

1. Wrapping and unwrapping process:

Wrapping (BTC → WBTC): Users send Bitcoin to a custodian, who secures it and mints an equivalent amount of WBTC on Ethereum, sending it to the user's Ethereum wallet.

Unwrapping (WBTC → BTC): Users burn WBTC, prompting the custodian to release the equivalent Bitcoin back to their Bitcoin wallet.

This 1:1 pegging ensures WBTC is fully backed by Bitcoin reserves.

2. Key participants:

Custodians (e.g., BitGo): Hold and safeguard the Bitcoin backing WBTC.

Merchants: Authorized to request minting or burning of WBTC.

Users: Individuals or entities using WBTC in Ethereum's DeFi ecosystem.

WBTC DAO Members: Stakeholders who govern protocol decisions.

3. Transparency and verification:

Proof of reserves: Publicly verifiable Bitcoin addresses back every WBTC in circulation.

On-chain verification: Minting and burning are recorded on both blockchains.

Regular attestations: Independent checks confirm reserve accuracy.

4. Technical implementation:

WBTC is built as an ERC-20 token, Ethereum’s standard for fungible tokens. All ERC-20 tokens follow the same set of rules, which makes them interchangeable, easy to trade, and instantly compatible with most Ethereum wallets and DeFi apps. 

This makes WBTC easily transferable, compatible with wallets, and usable in DeFi apps like lending platforms, decentralized exchanges, and yield farming protocols. It gives Bitcoin the same programmability and utility as Ethereum-native assets.

Showdown: Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) vs. Bitcoin (BTC)

Although WBTC and BTC share the same value, their use cases differ. Bitcoin is designed for security, immutability, and censorship resistance. WBTC, on the other hand, thrives in Ethereum’s ecosystem where smart contracts enable lending, borrowing, and trading.

For storing wealth long-term, Bitcoin remains the go-to. For generating yield or accessing DeFi, WBTC is the practical choice. Different uses for different needs.

How Wrapped Bitcoin Boosts Your Crypto

1. DeFi accessibility:

WBTC lets users leverage Bitcoin in DeFi platforms for:

Lending & borrowing: Use WBTC as collateral on platforms like Aave or Compound to earn interest or borrow assets.

Yield farming: Provide WBTC liquidity for rewards, often surpassing Bitcoin's passive holding returns.

Liquidity provision: Earn trading fees by adding WBTC to pools on exchanges like Uniswap.

Synthetic assets: Mint assets pegged to traditional markets using WBTC as collateral.

2. Enhanced liquidity:

WBTC boosts capital efficiency across Ethereum by:

Expanding DeFi liquidity: Unlocking Bitcoin's market value to strengthen liquidity pools.

Reducing slippage: Deeper markets enable smoother trades.

Providing stable collateral: Bitcoin-backed assets offer trusted options for DeFi protocols.

3. Transaction advantages:

Compared to Bitcoin, WBTC transactions on Ethereum benefit from:

Faster confirmations: Ethereum's ~12-second block times outpace Bitcoin's 10-minute average.

Predictable fees: Ethereum's fee structure can be more cost-effective in certain conditions.

Smart contract integration: WBTC supports complex transactions Bitcoin's network can't handle.

4. Broader utility:

Beyond DeFi, WBTC enhances user options by:

Accessing smart contracts: Participate in advanced applications without selling Bitcoin.

Composability: Use WBTC across multiple protocols simultaneously.

Simplified management: Store WBTC alongside other Ethereum assets in common wallets.

Gaming & NFTs: Spend WBTC in blockchain games or NFT marketplaces.

While WBTC offers significant opportunities, it comes with trade-offs regarding decentralization and security, as covered in the next section.

Navigating Wrapped Bitcoin: Risks and Challenges

Custodial risks

While WBTC brings Bitcoin into DeFi, it introduces centralization as well. WBTC depends on BitGo as the sole custodian to hold the backing Bitcoin, creating a central point of failure. Users must trust these custodians to safeguard funds, process redemptions, and comply with regulations that could freeze assets or restrict conversions.

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Smart contract risks

WBTC relies on Ethereum smart contracts, which, despite audits, can still have vulnerabilities or coding flaws. It's also affected by Ethereum network issues like congestion, high gas fees, and risks from interacting with DeFi platforms.

Price and market risks

WBTC tracks Bitcoin's price and shares its volatility. In turbulent markets, it may trade slightly above or below Bitcoin's value. Large conversions can strain liquidity, making big trades harder without impacting price.

Operational challenges

Managing WBTC involves both Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains, which can be complex for newcomers. High Ethereum gas fees and slow WBTC-to-Bitcoin conversions (especially for large transactions) are additional hurdles.

Alternatives with less trust required

Some users prefer fully decentralized options like native Bitcoin, though it lacks smart contract functionality. Other wrapped Bitcoin solutions use different technologies to reduce reliance on custodians.

Wrapping Up WBTC

WBTC represents a shift in the cryptocurrency space, bridging the gap between Bitcoin's unparalleled network security and store-of-value properties with Ethereum's programmability and vibrant DeFi landscape. Since its launch in 2019, WBTC has grown from a novel concept to a cornerstone of cross-chain interoperability, enabling countless new use cases for Bitcoin holders.

For users, WBTC allows exposure to Bitcoin while engaging with decentralized finance (DeFi) on Ethereum and other platforms, enabling participation in both without choosing between them. While for DeFi, Bitcoin's liquidity has fostered growth, stability and asset diversity. WBTC has also paved the way for other wrapped assets, making the crypto ecosystem more interconnected and efficient.

As blockchain technology evolves, solutions like WBTC will address limitations while retaining core utility. Its success shows how cryptocurrency innovation can build upon existing strengths without replacing them.

Other Wrapped Bitcoin alternatives

While WBTC is the most widely used Bitcoin representation on Ethereum, several alternatives have emerged, each with different approaches to the bridge between Bitcoin and other blockchains:

• renBTC
• tBTC
• sBTC (Synthetic BTC)
• HBTC
• pBTC

How Can I Buy Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC)?

If you’re looking to bring Bitcoin into the world of Ethereum, Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) is the gateway you might be looking for. Through the Tap app, users can easily add WBTC to their portfolios, opening up access to Ethereum’s thriving DeFi ecosystem. Getting started is simple: just download the app, create an account, and start trading WBTC in minutes.

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Civic (CVC) is a blockchain-based identity verification platform focused on providing secure, cost-effective identity management solutions. As digital identity verification becomes increasingly important in today’s world, Civic distinguishes itself with its decentralised approach and user-centric control over personal data. 

Let's explore how this platform is addressing the challenges of digital identity verification, privacy, and security.

TLDR

• Decentralised identity verification: Civic provides secure personal data verification without storing user information centrally, reducing fraud and identity theft risks.
• User-controlled identity: Users maintain ownership of their personal data, selectively sharing only required information with service providers through the Civic app.
• Multi-layered ecosystem: Utilises the Identity Verification Marketplace and Civic Pass for DeFi access control.

What is the Civic network all about?

Founded in 2015 by Vinny Lingham and Jonathan Smith, Civic launched its Initial Coin Offering (ICO) in June 2017, raising $33 million. The platform enables users to verify their identities on the blockchain while maintaining control over their personal information.

It aims to overcome traditional identity verification drawbacks, such as centralised data storage, repetitive KYC processes, and privacy concerns—and it uses blockchain technology to achieve this. The platform’s infrastructure allows for reusable KYC, minimising the need to repeatedly share personal documents with different service providers, all while reducing verification costs.

In June 2017, Civic conducted its token sale, selling $33 million worth of CVC tokens. Since then, the platform has continued to evolve, introducing Civic Pass in 2021, serving as an identity gateway for DeFi apps, NFT platforms, and DAOs requiring compliance. 

At the time of writing, it remains one of the notable blockchain-based identity verification solutions in the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

How does the Civic platform work?

Civic's core architecture revolves around three main components that work together to provide comprehensive identity verification services:

• Identity Verification Marketplace - connects identity requesters with trusted validators to verify user information.
• Civic Pass - provides access control for DeFi applications and other services requiring compliance checks.

It’s worth noting that their product Civic Pay was quietly retired in 2020-2021. 

The Identity Verification Marketplace operates on the blockchain, creating a trusted ecosystem where validators (trusted entities that verify identity information) and service providers can interact. When users provide identity information through the Civic app, it's encrypted and stored on their device, not on Civic's servers.

By distributing the verification process across the blockchain and putting users in control of their data, Civic promises to deliver security, privacy, and convenience without compromises. Because users can reuse their verified identity across multiple platforms, this makes it an efficient solution for both individual users and businesses requiring KYC processes.

Civic created CVC to be the utility token across its ecosystem, used for paying for verification services, rewarding validators, and incentivising ecosystem participation.

The advantages of the Civic platform

According to the Civic team, the platform significantly reduces verification costs compared to traditional identity verification methods. It's also capable of completing verifications in minutes rather than days. This makes it a superior solution for businesses looking to streamline their KYC processes while maintaining regulatory compliance.

Beyond that, Civic is designed to address major issues facing identity systems today: data breaches and identity theft. This is done by eliminating centralised databases of personal information, ensuring that even if Civic were compromised, users' personal data would remain secure.

It's also highly inclusive. While many identity verification systems require extensive documentation, Civic works to provide solutions for the unbanked and underbanked populations globally, potentially bringing financial services to billions of people.

In 2021, Civic expanded its offerings with enhanced DeFi protection tools and NFT verification services, ensuring that its identity solutions remain relevant in the evolving blockchain ecosystem. The platform continues to develop new use cases for its technology, particularly in combating bot activity and fraud in decentralised applications.

Civic use cases

The Civic network allows individuals and businesses to verify identity information securely and efficiently, whether for account creation, age verification, or compliance with regulatory requirements.

It is one of the first platforms to combine blockchain technology with identity verification to create a user-centric system that puts individuals in control of their personal data while still meeting the verification needs of businesses.

Due to the platform's focus on privacy and security, businesses can implement strong KYC procedures without creating vulnerable centralised databases of user information. This provides them with compliance solutions that protect both the business and its customers.

How to buy CVC

If you’re looking to incorporate CVC into your crypto portfolio, users can effortlessly buy and sell the token on the Tap app (after completing the account registration process). Download the app to get started. 

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If you've been exploring the world of cryptocurrency beyond Bitcoin and Ethereum, you've probably heard of Sushi. No, not the Japanese dish – we're talking about a powerful player in the decentralised finance (DeFi) space that's been making waves since its dramatic entrance in 2020.

Sushi, or SushiSwap as the platform is called, burst onto the crypto scene with what many called a "vampire attack" on Uniswap, another popular decentralised exchange (DEX). This bold move involved attracting over a billion dollars of liquidity from its competitor in just a few days.

Today, SushiSwap stands as one of the leading decentralised exchanges in the crypto ecosystem, offering a suite of financial services that go well beyond simple token swapping. With its native SUSHI token, the platform has created an ecosystem that allows users to trade, earn, lend, borrow, and more – all without traditional financial intermediaries.

What makes Sushi truly stand out is how it's putting financial power back into the hands of regular users. By democratising access to sophisticated financial tools that were once only available to privileged institutions, Sushi is helping to create a more open, accessible financial system for everyone.

What is Sushi (SUSHI)?

At its core, Sushi is a DEX and DeFi protocol that allows users to trade cryptocurrencies directly with each other without any middlemen. Unlike centralised exchanges, there's no company controlling your funds or verifying your identity – it's just you, smart contracts, and the blockchain.

Think of SushiSwap as an online marketplace where instead of a company facilitating trades, everything runs on code. It's like if eBay operated without eBay the company – just buyers and sellers interacting through an automated system.

The relationship between SushiSwap and SUSHI is important to understand:

• SushiSwap is the platform – the actual decentralised exchange and suite of DeFi services
• SUSHI is the native token that powers the ecosystem – like owning a piece of the project

The Sushi ecosystem has evolved significantly since its launch, now offering a full menu of DeFi services:

• Token swapping (the basic exchange function)
• Liquidity providing (where users can earn fees)
• Yield farming (earning rewards by supporting the platform)
• Lending and borrowing
• Token launches
• NFT marketplace
• Cross-chain functionality (operating across multiple blockchains)

When compared to other DEXs like Uniswap and PancakeSwap, Sushi stands out for its community-first approach and wide range of features. While Uniswap pioneered the automated market maker model that Sushi uses, Sushi expanded on this foundation by adding more ways for users to participate and earn rewards. 

And while PancakeSwap operates primarily on the Binance Smart Chain, Sushi has expanded to multiple blockchains, including Ethereum, Polygon, Avalanche, and more.

The history of Sushi

Sushi's history reads like a crypto soap opera – complete with controversy, drama, and unexpected twists. Grab the popcorn.

It all began in August 2020 when an anonymous developer going by the name "Chef Nomi" created SushiSwap as a fork (essentially a copy with modifications) of Uniswap's code. But Chef Nomi didn't just launch a competitor; they executed what became known as a "vampire attack" – a strategy to drain liquidity from Uniswap by offering better incentives.

Users who provided liquidity to Uniswap could stake their LP (liquidity provider) tokens on SushiSwap to earn SUSHI rewards. Then, in a coordinated event called "The Migration," over $1 billion in crypto assets moved from Uniswap to SushiSwap virtually overnight. The crypto community was stunned by the aggressive yet innovative approach.

But the drama was just beginning. Shortly after the successful migration, Chef Nomi suddenly converted a large amount of SUSHI tokens (worth about $14 million at the time) into Ethereum and withdrew it. The community viewed this as an "exit scam," and the price of SUSHI plummeted.

In a surprising turn of events, Sam Bankman-Fried, then-CEO of FTX (a major crypto exchange at the time), stepped in to take control of the project. Days later, Chef Nomi returned all the funds and apologised to the community.

Control of the project was then transferred to a multi-signature wallet controlled by several trusted community members, transitioning SushiSwap to true community governance. Since then, the protocol has seen steady development and expansion, including:

• Launch of Kashi lending platform (March 2021)
• Introduction of BentoBox, a yield-generating vault (Q1 2021)
• Expansion to multiple blockchains beyond Ethereum
• Release of Miso launchpad for new tokens
• Development of Shoyu, an NFT marketplace

Despite its tumultuous beginnings, Sushi managed to establish itself as a serious contender in the DeFi space through continuous innovation and a strong community focus.

How does SushiSwap work?

SushiSwap operates on a model called an automated market maker (AMM), which is fundamentally different from traditional exchanges. Here's how it works in simple terms:

Instead of matching buyers with sellers (the way stock exchanges work), SushiSwap uses liquidity pools – essentially big pots of cryptocurrencies that users can trade against. Imagine a vending machine that's always ready to exchange one token for another, rather than waiting to find someone who wants the opposite side of your trade.

These pools are created and maintained by liquidity providers – regular users who deposit pairs of tokens (like ETH and USDT) into the pools. In return for providing this liquidity, they earn fees from trades that happen in their pool.

When you want to swap tokens on SushiSwap, here's what happens:

1. You select the tokens you want to exchange (for example, ETH for USDT)
2. Smart contracts calculate the exchange rate based on the ratio of tokens in the relevant liquidity pool
3. The more of one token you want, the more expensive it gets (this is called "slippage")
4. A small fee (0.3% of the trade) is taken and distributed to liquidity providers
5. The tokens are exchanged directly in your wallet

The beauty of this system is that it's all handled by smart contracts – self-executing code on the blockchain. There's no company processing your trade or holding your funds; it's all automated and trustless.

Of this 0.3% fee, 0.25% goes directly to liquidity providers in the pool, while the remaining 0.05% is converted to SUSHI tokens and distributed to SUSHI stakers. This creates a sustainable revenue model where active users earn from the platform's success.

Key features of the Sushi ecosystem

Sushi has evolved from a simple token exchange into a comprehensive DeFi ecosystem. Let's explore the main ingredients in Sushi's expanding menu:

SushiSwap DEX: The heart of the ecosystem is the decentralised exchange where users can swap virtually any ERC-20 token (and tokens on other supported blockchains). With competitive rates and deep liquidity across many trading pairs, it's the foundation of the Sushi experience.

Kashi: This lending and margin trading platform allows users to borrow assets against their crypto collateral. What makes Kashi unique is its isolated risk markets – meaning a problem in one lending market won't affect others, making it potentially safer than some competitors.

BentoBox: Think of this as a smart crypto savings account. BentoBox is a token vault that generates yield on deposited assets while they're waiting to be used in other Sushi products. It's like your money earning interest while sitting in your wallet, ready to use.

Onsen: This liquidity mining program incentivises users to provide liquidity for specific token pairs by offering additional SUSHI rewards. It's named after Japanese hot springs – places where people gather and relax, much like how Onsen gathers liquidity for the platform.

Miso: A launchpad for new tokens, Miso helps projects conduct token sales with various auction types. It's like Kickstarter for new crypto projects, helping them raise funds and distribute tokens fairly.

Shoyu: Sushi's NFT marketplace allows for the creation, buying, and selling of digital collectables. While newer than some competitors, it aims to offer lower fees and better integration with the rest of the Sushi ecosystem.

Cross-chain deployment: Unlike many DeFi protocols that only exist on Ethereum, Sushi has expanded to numerous blockchains including Polygon, Avalanche, Binance Smart Chain, Fantom, and more. This multi-chain approach helps users avoid Ethereum's sometimes high transaction fees while still accessing Sushi's services.

This diverse ecosystem makes Sushi a one-stop shop for many DeFi activities, allowing users to move seamlessly between trading, earning, lending, and more.

SUSHI tokenomics

The SUSHI token is the special sauce that brings the whole Sushi ecosystem together. Let's break down how it works:

Total supply: SUSHI has no maximum supply cap. New tokens are minted at a rate of 100 SUSHI per Ethereum block (roughly every 12 seconds), though this emission rate has been adjusted through governance votes over time.

Token utility: The SUSHI token serves several important functions:

• Governance: SUSHI holders can vote on proposals to change the protocol
• Fee sharing: When staked, SUSHI entitles holders to a portion of all trading fees
• Liquidity mining rewards: Users can earn SUSHI by providing liquidity
• Platform access: Some features may require SUSHI holdings or staking

Governance rights: Holding SUSHI means having a say in the future of the platform. Token holders can propose and vote on changes ranging from technical upgrades to treasury management and new feature development.

xSUSHI mechanism: When users stake their SUSHI tokens, they receive xSUSHI in return. This represents their share of the staking pool, which constantly grows as trading fees are added to it. When users unstake, they get their original SUSHI plus their portion of accumulated fees – making it a passive income opportunity.

Staking rewards: The current APY (Annual Percentage Yield) for staking SUSHI varies depending on platform volume and the number of stakers, but it has historically offered attractive returns compared to traditional finance.

Market performance: As with many cryptocurrencies, SUSHI has experienced significant price volatility since its launch. After reaching all-time highs during the 2021 bull market, the token has settled into a more stable trading range. 

The tokenomics of SUSHI are designed to align the interests of users, liquidity providers, and token holders – when the platform succeeds, SUSHI holders benefit through increased value and fee sharing.

How to buy and sell SUSHI

Looking to get your hands on some SUSHI tokens? Here's how you can do it through the Tap app:

How to buy SUSHI on the Tap App:

1. Download the Tap app from your device's app store
2. Create an account and complete the required verification
3. Fund your account using a supported payment method (bank transfer, card, etc.)
4. Navigate to the crypto section and search for SUSHI
5. Enter the amount you want to buy
6. Review the transaction details and confirm your purchase
7. Your SUSHI tokens will appear in your Tap wallet

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How to sell SUSHI on the Tap App:

1. Navigate to your SUSHI wallet in the app
2. Select the Sell option
3. Enter the amount you want to sell, and what currency you would like in return (crypto or fiat)
4. Review and confirm the transaction details 
5. Your desired currency will appear in the relevant Tap wallet

Conclusion

Sushi has come a long way from its controversial beginnings to establish itself as a cornerstone of the DeFi ecosystem. What started as a fork of Uniswap has evolved into a comprehensive financial platform that offers trading, earning, lending, and more – all without traditional financial intermediaries.

By addressing one of the biggest pain points in DeFi – high Ethereum gas fees – through multi-chain deployment, Sushi makes decentralised finance more accessible to everyday users.

As with any cryptocurrency project, Sushi faces challenges and competition, but its innovative features, passionate community, and continuous development make it a project worth watching in the years to come.

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On Friday, 7 March 2025, the White House held its first-ever Crypto Summit, marking a major turning point in how the U.S. government views the crypto industry. The event gathered top industry leaders, policymakers, and key players to discuss the future of digital assets in the U.S. 

In this article, we explore what people expected from the summit, what actually happened, and how it’s already shaping the crypto market.

What was anticipated 

Before the summit, the crypto community was cautiously optimistic. The Trump administration had already shown interest in digital assets—especially after President Trump appeared at Bitcoin 2024, which got mixed reactions from the market. 

Many investors and industry leaders were hoping the summit would bring clearer rules, encourage innovation, and fix past regulatory issues. 

Hype grew even more after the announcement of an executive order to create a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, raising expectations that Bitcoin might soon play a bigger role in the U.S. economy. Spurring a 12% increase across the crypto market, Bitcoin’s price rose above $92,000 in anticipation of the meeting. 

Summit proceedings

The summit featured prominent figures such as Michael Saylor (of Strategy), Brian Armstrong (of Coinbase), and Brad Garlinghouse (of Ripple), reflecting the administration's commitment to engaging with key industry stakeholders. 

One of the most significant highlights of the gathering was President Trump signing an executive order to create a U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserve. The plan is to boost the country’s economic strength by holding Bitcoin seized through asset forfeitures. Described as a “virtual Fort Knox” for digital gold, managed by the Treasury.

Data from Arkham Intelligence reveals that the U.S. government presently owns 198,109 Bitcoin worth $17.5 billion based on current market values.

The executive order also requires federal departments to review their cryptocurrency holdings and find ways to acquire more Bitcoin through “budget-neutral” strategies without burdening taxpayers. 

There was also talk about creating a Digital Asset Stockpile, which would include other cryptocurrencies like XRP, Solana (SOL), and Cardano (ADA), to boost the credibility of these digital assets.

Strategic Bitcoin Reserve vs Digital Asset Stockpile

The U.S. government’s approach to digital assets involves two distinct initiatives: the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and the Digital Asset Stockpile. 

The Strategic Bitcoin Reserve aims to hold Bitcoin long-term, using confiscated Bitcoin rather than new government purchases, which has sparked controversy due to Bitcoin's volatility and its decentralised nature, which some argue conflicts with government control. 

Critics also worry that the reserve’s reliance on confiscated assets may lead to politically motivated holdings, rather than a clear strategic plan. 

In contrast, the Digital Asset Stockpile, managed by the Treasury, will hold other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum, XRP, Solana, and Cardano. Unlike the Bitcoin reserve, the stockpile may allow for more flexibility, including potential sales of its assets. 

While the Bitcoin reserve aims to solidify Bitcoin’s place as a strategic asset, the inclusion of other cryptocurrencies in the stockpile raises questions about the government’s broader digital asset strategy. Many aspects still remain unclear.

Market reactions over the outcome

The market's reaction to the summit was mixed. At first, Bitcoin's price surged on optimism. But when it became clear that the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve would rely on existing government holdings instead of new purchases, sentiment shifted. The executive order signed on Thursday confirmed that the reserve would only include Bitcoin the government already holds—mostly from asset forfeitures in criminal and civil cases. Many had expected fresh Bitcoin buys for the fund. While that seems unlikely in the short term, the door has been left open.

This led to a significant price correction, with Bitcoin's value dropping to around $85,000 before stabilising at approximately $88,000, marking a decline of over 3% within 24 hours. Within days, the price dropped to below $80,000. 

In addition, Bitcoin ETFs saw significant outflows, with $370 million pulled out as investors reconsidered the impact of the government’s strategy. The wider cryptocurrency market mirrored this volatility, reflecting the complex dynamics between government policy announcements and investor sentiment.

Navigating the future of cryptocurrency regulation

The White House Crypto Summit was a landmark event in how the U.S. government engages with the crypto industry. While the creation of the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve shows a move toward officially recognising digital assets, the market’s reaction made it clear that investors want clearer, more practical policies. The U.S. is at a pivotal moment in shaping the future of digital finance.

The White House Crypto Summit signalled a shift toward embracing crypto, but the real challenge lies ahead—crafting policies that fuel innovation while keeping markets steady. With the right approach, the U.S. could very well lead the global financial revolution, unlocking the full potential of digital assets and setting the stage for a future where opportunity and stability go hand in hand.

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The crypto market stands at an intriguing crossroads as we move into 2025. After some landmark events in 2024, including the approval of major ETFs and significant institutional adoption, the digital asset space is evolving from its speculative origins into a more mature market. With this transformation comes both opportunities and challenges that could reshape the current landscape. Here’s what’s worth keeping your eyes on in 2025.

Note: the cryptocurrency market remains a highly complex arena. The trends and developments discussed here are based on current market observations and should not be considered as investment advice. As always, conduct your own thorough research and risk assessment, and consult a financial advisor if necessary.

1. Bitcoin's post-ETF evolution

The introduction of Bitcoin ETFs has fundamentally altered market dynamics. Historical data shows that similar levels of institutional ownership in traditional assets like gold typically precede periods of reduced volatility and steady value appreciation.

BlackRock’s CEO, Larry Fink, recently stated, “Developments could open the floodgate of institutional allocation and drive significant inflows into Bitcoin investment products, particularly BTC spot ETFs, which are likely to see their assets under management (AUM) swell as BTC becomes further entrenched in traditional investment frameworks.”

Whether more digital asset ETFs are approved or more institutional investors enter the market, analysts will be watching closely.

2. Corporate blockchain integration

Beyond simple investment, major corporations are integrating blockchain technology into their operations. According to a report, more than half (52%) of Fortune 100 companies have pursued crypto, blockchain, or Web3 initiatives since the start of 2020. This highlights a significant trend toward blockchain adoption among major corporations.

This corporate adoption could also create additional demand for both established cryptocurrencies and specialised enterprise tokens. Market analysts will be watching whether this continues on the same trajectory.

3. The rise of tokenised traditional markets

Asset tokenisation transforms physical assets like real estate, art, or commodities into digital tokens on a blockchain, representing ownership or shares and simplifying transactions.

A Chainlink report estimates that the tokenised asset market could reach $10 trillion by 2030. As of September 2024, tokenised assets were valued at about $118.6 billion, with Ethereum holding 58% of the market share. This includes everything from real estate and commodities to stocks and bonds. 

On top of that, the efficiency gains from tokenisation could potentially reduce transaction costs by up to 90% while enabling 24/7 trading of traditionally illiquid assets.

4. Emerging market crypto adoption

Cryptocurrencies are significantly reshaping financial landscapes in developing economies. The Inter-American Development Bank highlights that crypto platforms have driven down remittance transfer costs, from 6.4% to 1.8%, making cross-border payments more affordable. Meanwhile, the World Bank projects that blockchain technologies could help provide financial services to 250 million unbanked individuals by 2026.

In countries like Venezuela, 35% of the population uses cryptocurrencies as an inflation hedge, a trend noted by the Brookings Institution. Additionally, nations like Kenya, Rwanda, and Panama are leading blockchain innovations in sectors like agriculture, land registration, and financial services, signaling a fundamental shift in economic infrastructure.

5. DeFi 2.0: the next generation

Decentralised Finance (DeFi) is evolving beyond its initial applications. Funds Society, along with other firms, predict that total value locked (TVL) in DeFi protocols will exceed $200 billion by Q4 2025. The focus is shifting from pure lending and trading to more sophisticated applications like tokenised real-world assets, automated portfolio management, and institutional-grade financial products.

This projection aligns with broader industry forecasts. Analysts also anticipate that decentralised exchange (DEX) trading volumes will reach around $4 trillion, capturing about 20% of the market share.

In essence, DeFi is expanding beyond its initial applications, with projections indicating substantial growth in TVL and a shift toward more sophisticated financial products. The integration of traditional financial services and the tokenisation of real-world assets are key trends shaping the future of DeFi.

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Market context

It's important to remember that these developments are occurring against a backdrop of broader economic changes, so anything is possible. As the relationship between traditional markets and cryptocurrencies continues to evolve, digital assets are increasingly being recognised as a distinct asset class, rather than just speculative investments. 

Looking ahead

While the crypto market has historically been characterised by significant volatility, the institutional infrastructure being built suggests a potentially different pattern emerging. The combination of regulatory clarity, institutional involvement, and real-world adoption could create new market dynamics unlike anything seen in previous cycles.

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Remember when splitting the bill was your biggest money problem? Now it’s rent, savings, and that sneaky online shopping spree (we see you). But managing money together doesn’t have to be awkward or stressful. Let’s dive into how savvy couples are making money moves - together or flying solo - and actually thriving and explore some helpful tips to get the ball rolling.

Breaking the money taboo

Funny how we’ll argue for hours about whose turn it is to do the dishes, but talking about money still makes us squirm. Gone are the days when one person handled all the finances while the other just hoped for the best — today’s couples are making their own rules. Whether you're splitting a Spotify subscription or tackling a mortgage, getting real about money can actually bring you closer.

And here’s the kicker: studies show that couples who openly chat about their finances tend to be happier together. Makes sense, right? If you can survive a convo about credit card bills without breaking into a cold sweat, you're probably pretty good at communicating about other important things too.

Different strokes for different folks

Just like relationships, there’s no one-size-fits-all approach to handling money as a couple. What works for one duo might be a total buzzkill for another. That being said, some interesting trends have popped up across age groups:

• Younger couples (gen Z & millennials): Keeping finances separate is more common, even when living together. Like having your own space within a shared home – you can still coordinate on joint expenses while maintaining personal financial autonomy.
• Middle-aged couples: Enter the "three-account model" — yours, mine, and ours. This setup blends the best of both worlds: a joint account for things like rent and groceries, and individual accounts to fuel personal spending (hello, hobbies).
• Older generations: Fully merged finances are more their style, reflecting both traditional approaches and years of financial entanglement. Think old-school teamwork meets long-term planning.

The key takeaway? Whether you’re all-in or keeping it casual, finding a money system that works best with your relationship, wants and needs is what matters most. And no matter what your financial style is, open communication is the secret sauce to making it work.

How to talk about money

1. Break the ice

Start with lighter topics, like sharing your earliest money memory or talking about your dream vacation. These conversations can naturally lead to deeper discussions about financial values and goals.

2. Make it a date

Why not turn money talks into something to look forward to? Pick a comfy spot, grab your favourite snacks, and schedule regular "money dates." Maybe it's a monthly check-in over coffee or a quarterly planning session with pizza. The key is making it feel more like quality time together than a dreaded chore.

3. Share your money story

We all have a unique relationship with money shaped by our upbringing and experiences. Maybe your parents were super frugal, or perhaps you learned some tough lessons from your first credit card. Sharing these stories helps your partner understand why you handle money the way you do.

4. NB: practice the "no judgment" rule

When your partner reveals they've been hiding a shopping habit or struggling with debt, remember – judgment-free listening is your superpower. Instead of jumping to conclusions, try responding with "Tell me more about that" or "How can we work on this together?"

5. Build your shared vision

Talk about what you both want your future to look like. Are you dreaming of:

• Starting a small business?
• Taking a year off to travel?
• Buying a home with a garden?
• Having kids or fur babies?

Understanding each other's dreams makes financial planning feel more like building your future together rather than just talking about bills.

6. Keep it real

Use specific examples and numbers when you talk. Instead of vague statements like "We should save more," try "What if we each put $100 a month toward our vacation fund?" It makes goals feel more achievable and easier to track.

7. Most NB: celebrate small wins together

Did you stick to your grocery budget this month? High five! Finally paid off that student loan? Time for a celebration! Acknowledging progress, no matter how small, keeps you motivated and makes money conversations more positive.

Remember, these conversations get easier with practice. The goal isn't to become financial experts overnight – it's about building trust and understanding together. Start small, stay consistent, and watch how talking about money becomes a natural part of your conversations. 

The key to success

While research hints that merging finances might come with perks, there's no magic formula for every couple. The real win? Finding a setup that matches your relationship's vibe and values. It’s less about shared accounts and more about open, honest money talks and teaming up to smash your goals.

And here's a pro tip: it's totally fine to switch things up as life changes. What works when you're just moving in together might need tweaking when planning a business launch or dream holiday. The key is staying flexible, keeping those money convos flowing, and growing together as a financial dream team.

No matter how you handle your money, remember: it’s not about perfection, it’s about progress - together.

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