Learning the friendly way

Bitcoin has become a worldwide phenomenon due partly to its incredible innovation in terms of technology and cross-border payments, but also because of its unbelievable market performance over the last decade.

The original cryptocurrency was even voted the top performing asset of the past decade, and there is no denying why. So, how does it all work? Today we’re uncovering everything you need to know about the inner workings of the most powerful cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin 101

Before we dive into how Bitcoin works, let’s cover the basics. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic payment system that was launched in 2009 by Bitcoin's creator, Satoshi Nakamoto, an anonymous entity that remains a mystery to this day. The Bitcoin blockchain ignited blockchain technology, propelling it into the 21st century and allowing anyone connected to the internet to embrace the new age of technology.

Bitcoin was designed as a response to the global financial crisis and set to be a decentralized payment system that was exempt from banking institutions’ central authority and errors. Over the past decade, the cryptocurrency has increased in value, hitting $20,000 for the first time in 2017, again in December 2020, before soaring to highs of $68,789.63 in November 2021.

The Bitcoin blockchain network has also paved the way for many other virtual currencies, of which there are currently over 20,000. The industry has grown into a sizable $1 trillion market (valued at one stage at over $3 trillion), most of which has Bitcoin to thank. Bitcoin currently dominates the market with a 40% share and has created a name for itself in the mainstream as more and more businesses decide to accept Bitcoin.

How exactly does Bitcoin work?

Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s get into the nitty-gritty. As previously mentioned, Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer digital currency that does not rely on any third-party financial institutions, banks or governments. Instead, the network and all Bitcoin transactions are operated by a network of nodes (computers) and miners. Users store Bitcoin in a digital wallet.

In simple terms, miners are responsible for verifying transactions while nodes keep records of all the transactions on the Bitcoin network. All transactions are added to the blockchain, which is a public ledger of all activity on the Bitcoin network. This is a simple look at how Bitcoin mining works.

Looking more deeply into this, let’s say one person in Belgium is sending Bitcoin to someone in England. The Belgium person will enter the Bitcoin address (also known as a wallet address) of the recipient and indicate how much they would like to send. The Bitcoin wallet through which it is being sent will calculate the transaction fees, the Belgium person will confirm (also checking they are happy with Bitcoin's price), and the Bitcoin transaction will enter a “mempool” of new transactions.

From here, Bitcoin miners will fight to solve a complex mathematical puzzle and the first one to do so correctly will be allowed mine the next block and verify all pending Bitcoin transactions (the process of Bitcoin mining). The miner will then verify that all senders of the transactions have sufficient balances, and the transactions will be executed.

The miner will then add the new block to the blockchain, and it will be circulated amongst the network. Once all the nodes approve, they will all update their blockchain records with the new block.

The person in England will then get a notification to say that they have received the Bitcoin transaction, and will most likely require 3 confirmations before being able to access the funds (some digital wallets and merchants require 6 confirmations). Confirmations are represented by new blocks added to the blockchain following the block with that specific transaction. Blocks take 10 - 40 minutes to be created due to the Bitcoin mining process.

While this is how Bitcoin transactions take place, other cryptocurrency transactions might vary slightly.

Where do new Bitcoins come from?

Satoshi Nakamoto designed the cryptocurrency to be deflationary in nature, intending the price to increase over time as opposed to decreasing like fiat currencies, offering not only a reliable payment method, but also an investment opportunity. Bitcoin has a fixed supply of 21 million coins, with a certain number being released each year.

Initially, the mining reward for mining a block on the Bitcoin blockchain was 50 BTC, but after every 210,000 blocks (roughly 4 years) the reward halves. In May 2020, the third halving took place, driving the block rewards down to 6.25 BTC per block. This equates to roughly $230,000 at the time of writing.

So where do new Bitcoins come from? Each time a miner verifies a bundle of transactions, the miner will receive each transaction’s network fee and once they have mined enough transactions to complete a 1MB block and add it to the blockchain, they will receive the mining reward too. 

Once the 21 millionth coin has been mined no new coins will ever enter circulation. 

Ready to enter the wonderful world of Bitcoin?

Now that you understand more about the original cryptocurrency and how Bitcoin works, are you ready to enter the market? For easy onboarding, Tap provides a secure platform from where anyone can buy and sell Bitcoin and a number of other cryptocurrencies. Secure, easy to use, and conveniently accessible through a mobile app, Tap is both beginner friendly and perfect for seasoned traders.

So, you're in your thirties and starting from square one when it comes to your finances. Don't worry, you're not alone, and the good news is that it's never too late to take control and set yourself up for financial success. Congratulations on taking the first step.

In this article, we're going to walk you through a step-by-step guide of practical tips and empower you to make informed decisions as you navigate your financial journey with enthusiasm. It’s not rocket science, we promise. 

Step 1: Assess your current financial situation

Getting a grip on where you currently stand financially is the first step toward building a solid foundation for your wealth. Let's take a closer look at how to assess your situation and define your goals, without breaking a sweat or drowning in crippling anxiety.

Take a close look at your income, expenses, and debts, writing them down or putting them in a spreadsheet. Identify areas where you can make adjustments to free up funds to save money or invest, and then set some clear goals, both short-term and long-term. Want to buy a house in 5 years, or take a trip to visit your friend in Hong Kong? Jot them down, goals are motivating.

Step 2: Build a strong foundation

Armed with a realistic picture of what your finances look like, work your way through the following three steps to start establishing a strong financial foundation. 

• Create a budget and track expenses

The boring news is that establishing a budget is essential to gain control over your finances. No, we're not here to tell you to cut out all the things you enjoy. Creating a budget is about understanding your money flow and finding ways to save without sacrificing your happiness. Learn what your living expenses really are, and how much the interest rates hikes have affected you. It's about taking control of your money, rather than letting your money control you.

If spreadsheets seem daunting, use budgeting tools and apps to simplify the process and stay on top of your spending.

• Work on saving money effectively

No matter how you look at it, saving money is the cornerstone of building wealth. But saving money doesn't have to be a painful experience, it's all about being smart and resourceful.

A good starting point is to set aside a percentage of your income each month for emergencies and future investments. Automate your savings to ensure consistency and consider opening a high-yield savings account to maximize your returns. Look at opportunities available to you to get "free money" (reward points, employer compensations, etc).

A good starting point is to open that savings account and check out our simplified guide on building an emergency fund.

• Manage debt and improve your credit score

Debt can be overwhelming, but we're here to help you tackle it with confidence. Make a list of all your outstanding debts and approach it strategically by prioritizing the high-interest ones. From student loan debt to credit card debt, don't let these weigh you down forever, rather make a plan today that your future self will thank you for.

At the same time, work on improving your credit score by paying bills on time and not opening new credit accounts. Grab the reigns, you’re in control of your financial future.

Step 3: Explore generating additional income

Unsurprisingly, earning more money will equate to more wealth (we told you it’s not rocket science). As all-nighters are replaced with embarrassingly-sensible bedtimes, now is as good a time as any to pick up a small side hustle and generate income. It doesn’t need to earn you millions, the idea is to generate a little bit extra to accelerate your journey toward financial freedom.

• Explore side hustles and part-time opportunities

Who says you can't have fun and make money at the same time? Here are some side hustle ideas and part-time opportunities that might align with your interests. It’s time to turn your passions into profit and allow a new income stream to make your savings account a little plumper.

• Leverage your skills and talents for freelance work

You've got unique talents, and it's time to put them to work. Platforms like Upwork and Fiverr are great ways to gain exposure and find work that allows you to tap into your skills and find freelance opportunities that not only bring in more money but also allow you to showcase your awesomeness. Embrace entrepreneurship and transform your skills into a profitable venture.

• Invest in personal growth for career advancement

Investing in yourself is one of the best investments you can make. Invest in your personal and professional development to boost your earning potential and open doors to exciting career advancements. 

Acquire new skills, pursue certifications, or enroll in relevant courses. Continuous learning not only amplifies your marketability but also positions you for better career prospects and greater earning power. It's time to level up.

Step 4: Investing for the future

Don’t be overwhelmed by the word “invest”. Let’s go through this together, one small step at a time. Consider this the start of your golden investment era. 

• Understand the basics of investing

Investing doesn't have to be complicated jargon that leaves you breaking out in a sweat. Start small and familiarize yourself with the basics of investing. Learn about stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and real estate, and educate yourself on the concept of risk and reward. If in doubt, contact a financial adviser to get you started.

• Identify suitable investment options for beginners

You don't need to be a Wall Street expert to start investing, or need to know what real estate investment trusts are for that matter (yet). Consider beginner-friendly investment options that are easy to understand and offer steady growth, like low-cost index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

A word from the wise: stay away from get-rich-quick schemes and get started investing in assets aligned with your risk tolerance and long-term goals. Get ready to dip your toes into the investment pool.

• Diversification and risk management strategies

To minimize risk, spread your investments across different asset classes. Diversification is like having a cool umbrella that shields your portfolio from those crazy market storms. Don't forget to give your investments some love and attention from time to time. Review your strategy, do a little rebalancing dance if needed, and stay in the know about economic trends that could sway your investments.

Step 5: Overcome financial challenges

Don’t get caught off guard, navigate financial hurdles and stretch your money like a pro while still staying motivated on your wealth-building journey. Yes, it’s possible. 

• Dealing with limited funds and unexpected expenses

Starting from scratch often means facing financial limitations. And we get it, life happens, and unexpected expenses can throw us off track. But fear not! The key step in learning how to stretch your money and navigate financial hurdles with confidence is to build an emergency fund to soften the blow when hard times hit.

The unfortunate truth is that you’re also going to have to learn how to prioritize needs over wants to make the most of your resources.

• Set realistic expectations and stay motivated

Building wealth takes time and patience. Be sure to set realistic goals and celebrate the small victories along the way. Stay motivated by envisioning the life you want to lead and remind yourself of the long-term benefits of your small efforts today. 

• Seek professional advice and support

Hey, we're here to guide you, but we're not financial advisors. That's why it's essential to seek professional advice when needed. A qualified financial advisor can provide you with personalized advice and help you navigate complex financial decisions, offer investment strategies tailored to your goals, and ensure you're on the right track.

Step 6: Long-term wealth building

Rome wasn't built in a day, and neither will your financial wealth. 

• Set long-term financial goals

Picture your dream life and let's make it a reality. Define your long-term financial goals, like buying a house, planning for a comfortable retirement, or starting a business, and break them down into achievable milestones. Then develop a roadmap to reach them. As you hit the milestones and manage the ebb and flow of life, be sure to regularly review and adjust your goals along the way.

• Retirement planning and saving strategies

Retirement might seem far away, but it's never too early to start preparing for it. Take advantage of compound interest and explore strategies for retirement savings that make sense for your current situation, like a retirement account or participating in employer-sponsored retirement plans (particularly ones that offer tax relief).

Be sure to maximize contributions to these accounts whenever possible and look into tax-efficient investment funds. Let's ensure your golden years are as golden as can be.

• Reviewing and adjusting your financial plan periodically

Flexibility is key to your financial journey. Regularly review your budget, investment account, and progress as you move confidently toward your goals. Make necessary adjustments to your investment strategy to stay on track and seize new opportunities that align with your evolving financial situation. Life changes, and so should your financial plan. Keep it adaptable and exciting.

Final thought

Starting from €0 in your thirties may seem challenging, but with the right mindset, knowledge, and practical steps, you can embark on a fulfilling financial journey. By budgeting effectively, saving diligently, generating additional income, investing wisely, and overcoming obstacles, you can build a solid foundation for long-term wealth and financial security. 

While it's no walk in the park, it’s not rocket science. Empower yourself with the tools and resources available, and remember that every step you take today brings you closer to a brighter financial future and fuller savings account.

‍

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cryptocurrencies, investors are always searching for dependable platforms that provide effortless trading experiences and a diverse array of features. Among the multitude of options available, distinguishing between Tap and traditional crypto exchanges can be challenging. Although both facilitate cryptocurrency trading, they exhibit notable disparities in their offerings and functionalities. In this article, we will delve into five fundamental distinctions that position Tap as a superior choice when compared to traditional crypto exchanges.

All-in-One Platform:

One of the most significant advantages of Tap over traditional crypto exchanges is its all-in-one platform. Tap is not solely a cryptocurrency exchange but a comprehensive financial platform that seamlessly integrates cryptocurrencies with traditional fiat financial services. Users can hold and exchange various cryptocurrencies alongside fiat currencies in a single account. This unique feature provides unparalleled convenience, allowing customers to manage their finances and investments in one place. On the other hand, traditional crypto exchanges usually only support cryptocurrency trading, requiring users to transfer funds back and forth between different accounts for fiat-related transactions.

User-Friendly Interface:

Tap prides itself on its user-friendly interface, designed to cater to both seasoned traders and newcomers to the crypto space. The platform's intuitive design makes it easy for users to navigate, monitor market trends, and execute trades efficiently. Additionally, Tap provides real-time market data, educational resources on its blog, and insights to help users make informed decisions. Conversely, many traditional crypto exchanges can be overwhelming, especially for beginners, with complex interfaces and limited educational support.

Instant Fiat-Crypto Conversion:

Another standout feature of Tap is its instant fiat-crypto conversion. Users can easily convert their fiat currency into a wide range of cryptocurrencies at competitive exchange rates, without the need for additional transactions or fees. This convenience streamlines the trading process and allows users to capitalize on market opportunities swiftly. In contrast, traditional crypto exchanges often require users to deposit funds, wait for approval, and then execute trades, which can take hours or even days to complete.

Broad Range of Cryptocurrencies:

Tap offers an extensive selection of 40+ cryptocurrencies, including popular options like Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), and many more. With Tap, users have the flexibility to diversify their crypto portfolio easily. Moreover, the platform regularly adds new cryptocurrencies to its offerings, ensuring users have access to the latest and most promising digital assets. In contrast, some traditional crypto exchanges have a limited selection of cryptocurrencies, restricting users' investment options.

Pair Agnostic Trading:

A key advantage that sets Tap apart from traditional crypto exchanges is its pair agnostic trading feature. With Tap, users can seamlessly exchange any crypto asset for any other crypto asset directly on the platform. This eliminates the need for multiple exchanges or restrictions on which assets can be traded against each other. Unlike traditional crypto exchanges that often impose limitations on trading pairs, Tap empowers its users with unmatched flexibility, allowing them to swiftly trade between a vast array of cryptocurrencies or fiat.

Enhanced Security and Regulation:

Tap sets a high standard for security and regulatory compliance. As a regulated financial institution, the platform follows stringent security measures to safeguard users' funds and personal data. Tap employs advanced encryption protocols and two-factor authentication to protect accounts from unauthorized access. Additionally, it complies with regulatory requirements, ensuring a safe and reliable trading environment. On the other hand, traditional crypto exchanges may not always adhere to the same level of regulatory scrutiny, leaving users potentially exposed to security risks and uncertainties.

In conclusion:

In conclusion, Tap stands out as a superior choice compared to traditional crypto exchanges due to its all-in-one platform, user-friendly interface, instant fiat-crypto conversion, broad range of cryptocurrencies, and enhanced security and regulation. Its seamless integration of cryptocurrencies with traditional financial fiat services makes it a one-stop solution for financial management and investment needs. With Tap, users can trade cryptocurrencies with ease and confidence, backed by a robust and secure platform. Whether you are a seasoned crypto investor or a newcomer to the world of digital assets, Tap offers a compelling and competitive solution for your trading and financial needs.

Do you often find yourself struggling to make ends meet and wondering how you can start saving money from your paycheck? You're not alone! 🙌 Many of us face the challenge of breaking bad spending habits and learning to save for the future. But fear not, because we're here to help you unlock the secrets to successfully saving. 

In this insightful blog post, we'll explore effective tips and recommendations to maximize your hard-earned cash. From practical strategies to smart saving habits and automating your savings, we've got you covered! Whether you're a financial novice or already on your way to fiscal greatness, these positive payday tips will set you on a path toward financial success, no matter what job you have.

So, if you're ready to take control of your finances and make every penny count, read on as we delve into the world of salary saving and provide you with useful tips to start making the most out of your paycheck. After all, you can't put a price on financial freedom.

Introducing the 50/30/20 Rule: Your budgeting cheat sheet 

If you've been staring at your bank balance, wondering where all your hard-earned money goes, fret not! We've got a simple and effective solution for you – the 50/30/20 rule.

Here's how it works: You allocate 50% of your income towards necessities like rent, groceries, debt, and bills. We're talking about those everyday items you just can't live without. Then, you've got 30% earmarked for discretionary spending – the fun stuff like dining out or treating yourself to a little retail therapy. Finally, be a money-savvy superstar by directing 20% of your income into savings. Cha-ching!

By embracing this rule and its benefits, you'll achieve balance in managing your finances, without feeling overwhelmed. Plus, it's a flexible guideline, which means you can adjust the percentages to suit your unique financial circumstances.

Pay your bills right away

Paying your bills promptly is key to staying on top of your finances. Many people make the mistake of waiting until the end of the month to pay their bills, which can lead to unnecessary costs and even having to dip into their savings.

To avoid this, it's best to prioritize your bills and schedule them for the beginning of the month. Start by arranging your bills in order of importance – rent/mortgage, utilities, internet, etc. Make sure the most critical bills, like rent and child support, are paid around payday when you have enough funds available.

By managing your bills in this way, you'll avoid the stress of running out of money before your next paycheck and the additional charges that come with late payments.

Set up auto-transfers to avoid temptations

Want to save money without even thinking about it? Well, we've got a neat trick for you! All you need to do is set up automatic transfers into your savings account on payday.

This powerful strategy allows you to effortlessly save a predetermined amount of money every month. The beauty of automatic transfers is that they happen instantly, with no time for second thoughts or impulse buys.

By making this helpful habit a part of your financial routine, you can take charge of your savings goals and steadily grow your funds. It's a simple yet effective way to credit your savings account.

Define your saving goals

Saving money is always a great idea, but it becomes even more powerful when you have specific goals in mind. Whether you're aiming to buy a house, plan your dream vacation, or save for retirement, setting targets can help you stay focused on what truly matters to you.

Having a clear savings goal, or even multiple ones, gives you a sense of purpose and helps you resist the temptation of impulsive purchases. Instead of getting distracted by small expenses, you'll keep your eye on the bigger picture every payday.

So take a moment to think about your goals and start setting up savings targets that will guide you on your financial journey.

Enjoy the occasional shopping splurge

Balance is essential when it comes to keeping your finances in shape. Just like the importance of occasional treats in a diet, it's important to give yourself permission to splurge every now and then. Yes, you can definitely occasionally treat yourself to that delicious cupcake, it’s important to give yourself permission to have a bit of fun with your money. 

By completely depriving yourself of enjoying life's pleasures, you may end up going overboard later on and creating bigger financial issues for yourself.

Think of it this way - even if you are diligently saving money, it won't matter much if you're not allowing yourself to have some fun. You don't want to miss out on life's little joys just because you're focused solely on saving.

That's why it's important to incorporate moderate splurges into your monthly budget. There's absolutely no need to feel guilty about it. After all, everyone deserves to treat themselves and enjoy life. As long as you're still practicing other good financial habits and sticking to your overall saving goals, indulging in occasional splurges won't derail your progress.

A quick note of effective debt management

Debt management is crucial for anyone looking to improve their financial health and save money. Paying off debts allows individuals to free up their income, reduce interest payments, and gain greater financial freedom. From credit cards to mortgage, the sooner these are paid off the less interest one has to pay.

Effective debt management techniques include the debt snowball and debt avalanche methods. The snowball method involves paying off smaller debts first and then moving on to larger debts, providing motivation from quick wins. The avalanche method prioritizes high-interest debts first to minimize interest payments over time. Both strategies can help individuals regain control of their finances and achieve long-term debt freedom.

In conclusion

Saving money from your paycheck doesn't have to be a daunting task. By implementing simple strategies like the 50/30/20 rule, paying bills promptly, setting up automatic transfers, defining saving goals, and allowing yourself the occasional splurge, you can take control of your finances and set yourself up for financial success. 

Remember, it's all about finding that balance between saving for the future and enjoying life's little pleasures. So go ahead, start implementing these tips, and watch your savings grow while still enjoying the journey. You've got this! ✨

When trading, market liquidity offers a measure of how quickly an asset can be converted to cash. The more market liquidity an asset has, the more easily it can be traded for cash. This comes into play when looking at its price point: the more tradable an asset, the less impact the trade will have on the asset's price. 

Other factors to look out for include trading volume, technical indicators, and volatility. Liquidity is important for everything across the stock market and digital asset market to a company's liquidity, with liquid assets always being preferable. Let's first take a look at what liquidity is, the most liquid assets and the key takeaways liquidity refers to.

What does liquidity mean, exactly?

In its simplest form, liquidity looks at how easily and quickly an asset can be converted to another asset (bought or sold) without affecting its price. Liquidity can also sometimes be referred to as a cash ratio or marketable securities. A liquidity ratio helps investors determine whether something is a liquid asset or not and how easy it will be to convert assets.

When an asset has good market liquidity, this means that it can easily be traded for cash or other assets with no effect on the asset's market price. Referred to as liquid assets, these would include currencies, marketable securities, and money market instruments. This provides peace of mind to investors that have other financial obligations.

On the other hand, low liquidity means that the asset cannot be as easily bought or sold and any transaction that takes place will affect the asset's trading price. Real estate, rare items, and exotic cars present examples of illiquid assets, meaning that they may take longer to be sold, and not necessarily at the price the seller is expecting to receive. 

What is the most liquid asset?

In terms of financial liquidity, cash is considered to be the most liquid asset.

Think of liquidity as a spectrum - on the one hand, you have cash (highly liquid) and on the other, you have rare items. Consider where on the spectrum an asset might fall to get an idea of its liquidity. 

Types of liquidity

In a general sense, there are two types of liquidity: market liquidity and accounting liquidity used to measure the current ratio of an asset or company.

What is market liquidity?

The first of the two types of liquidity is market liquidity, defined as the ease with which a financial asset may be bought and sold at fair prices. These are the prices that are most similar to the assets' actual value, known as their intrinsic value. 

Intrinsic value in this case refers to the lowest price a seller is willing to accept (ask) and the highest price a buyer is willing to pay for it (bid). The bid-ask spread, also known as the trading spread, is the difference between these two values. The lower the bid-ask, the greater the liquid asset.

What is accounting liquidity?

Accounting liquidity describes a company's ability to pay its short-term debts and liabilities with its current assets and cash flow. In other words, it reflects the company's financial health: the higher the company's accounting liquidity the more liquid the company's capital.

Most commonly, you'll hear accounting liquidity mentioned in relation to businesses and their balance sheet. This has less to do with liquid assets and more to do with businesses, and the company's financial health, as a whole.

What is a bid-ask spread?

The bid-ask spread refers to the difference between the highest bid and the lowest ask price. As you would expect, a low bid-ask spread is preferred in liquid marketplaces. It implies that the market has sufficient liquidity since traders continuously bring the high and low prices back into balance.

A wide bid-ask spread, on the other hand, generally indicates illiquidity in an asset and a substantial gap between what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept. 

The bid-ask spread plays a valuable role for arbitrage traders as they attempt to take advantage of minor disparities in the bid-ask spread over and over again.

While they make money, their activities help to support the market as they reduce the bid-ask spread, and other traders will have better trade execution as a result of their activity.

Arbitrage traders also make sure that the same market pairs do not have significant price disparities on various exchanges. Have you ever seen how the Bitcoin price is roughly similar across the most liquid markets? This is due in large part to arbitrage traders who exploit small variances between prices on different exchanges to profit.

Why liquidity plays an important role in the markets

Bigger stocks and digital currencies tend to have more liquid markets due to their higher trading volume and market efficiency. 

The amount of money traded per day, otherwise known as liquidity, varies depending on the market. For example, some markets may only have a few thousand dollars of trading volume while others have billions.

Assets from large companies or establishments don't usually have issues with liquidity since there are many buyers and sellers in their respective markets. However, this isn't the case for less traded assets which often lack significant liquidity.

When building your portfolio ensure that you incorporate (or stick to) liquid markets so that you can always know that should you wish to liquidate the asset you will get a good price. Sometimes with smaller assets, you might not be able to exit the market at your desired price leaving you with an invaluable asset or one traded at a significantly lower price.

This is known as slippage and can result from trying to fill a large order in an illiquid market. Slippage is the difference between the price you intended to sell at and at what price your trade is actually executed. 

High slippage indicates that your transaction was completed at a significantly different price than you intended. This usually occurs because there aren't enough orders in the order book near to where you wanted to execute them. This can be avoided by only using limit orders, but this runs the risk that your order may not be filled.

The market conditions significantly affect liquidity. For example, in a financial crisis, different traders might respond by either selling their assets or withdrawing cash.

Final thoughts

When it comes to the markets, liquidity refers to the ease of trading in a market. Traders often favor liquid markets because they provide convenient access for entering and exiting positions. The level of liquidity can influence the efficiency and effectiveness of trading strategies. Depending on your preferences, you might consider including highly liquid assets in your portfolio, which can have benefits in terms of flexibility.

‍

Porter’s 5 forces is a model that helps to identify the weaknesses and strengths of an industry, empowering the potential investor with insights. In fact, the model is used by more than just investors, companies and analysts also make use of its structure, allowing them to analyze the competitive forces in an environment and build an appropriate business strategy.

Below we outline how the Porter’s five forces model works, where it came from, and how you can use it to your advantage. 

What is the Porter's Five Forces model?

Porter’s Five Forces focuses on identifying and analyzing five competitive forces within an industry that can be used to establish what the industry’s strengths and weaknesses are. The five forces analysis can be applied to any segment of the economy and can determine a company’s business strategy, level of competition, or long-term industry profitability. 

The Five Forces are:

• Competitive forces in the industry
• Potential of new entrants into the industry
• Power of suppliers
• Power of customers
• The threat of substitute products

This model is designed to help analysts and managers comprehend the competitive landscape that a particular company faces and how the company is positioned within it.

Where did Porter’s Five Forces model come from? 

The five forces analysis model was created by and named after Michael E. Porter, an established Harvard Business School professor. The model was introduced in Porter’s book, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors.

Developed in 1979, the five forces analysis model was created to provide industry outsiders with insight and knowledge into the positioning and competitive strength of an organization. The business analysis model has become an important tool in the financial sector and is still widely used today, over 40 years later.

Breaking down Porter’s Five Forces

Below is a breakdown of the Five Forces analysis model which is universal across almost every market and industry in the world. The model looks at the company’s positioning within the market to determine how much power it holds. 

1. The competition in the industry

The first of Porter's Five Forces analysis model focuses on the number of competitors a company has and its ability to undercut them. The more existing competitors and competitive rivalry a company has, along with the number of similar products and services they offer, the less power the company holds. 

When the company has a high level of competitive rivalry, suppliers and buyers will gravitate toward the lower prices, while when competition is low, companies have more control over the prices they charge and the terms of their deals.

More power equates to a competitive advantage which typically equates to more sales and profits. Hence, why industry competition and competitive forces shape strategy.

2. The potential of new entrants into an industry

Of course, new entrants into the market also pose a threat to a company’s power. This can be measured by looking at the amount of time and cost it would take to be a potential competitor. The more resources needed, the more established the company’s position. 

The stronger the barriers to entry, the better for companies already positioned in the market. 

3. The power of suppliers

This point in Porter's five forces analysis model looks at the power the suppliers hold in terms of driving up the costs of resources. This can be determined by looking at the number of suppliers available, how unique their products are, and the cost of a company switching to another supplier. 

The fewer the number of suppliers, the more a company depends on them in turn driving up the supplier’s power. The supplier then has more control over their input costs which can result in lower profits for the company. 

4. The power of customers

The power of customers looks at how much control the consumer has to drive a company’s prices down. This looks at the number of customers a company has, the impact of each customer, and the cost of finding new customers or markets to sell to. 

The smaller the customer base, the more power they have to negotiate lower prices. While a larger customer base with many smaller clients is able to charge higher prices and in turn increase profitability. 

5. The threat of substitutes

The final of Porter’s Five Forces analysis model is the threat of substitutes and looks at the threat that substitutes goods and services can pose to a company. The more unique and more difficult a product or service is to substitute, the better the company’s positioning. As consumers will have little else to turn to, the company automatically accumulates more power. 

These Five Forces analysis can assist a company in building a strategy that ensures well-utilized resources and boosted profits, however, this strategy will need to be consistently visited to ensure that any changes in the external environment are factored in. 

What are the downsides of Porter’s Five Forces?

The most pressing downside of the Five Forces model is that it was designed to look at an individual company, as opposed to the wider industry. Additionally, this proves difficult when the company falls into two or more industries, making the framework less impactful. 

The final downside is that the model is designed to measure all five aspects equally against each other which isn’t always the case. Some factors might be more prevalent in one industry but less relevant in another. 

Porter's Five Forces Model vs SWOT analysis

Another tool used in the business sector is SWOT analysis, which looks at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of existing companies. When comparing the two the most prominent differentiation is that Porter’s Five Forces model tends to examine the external environment and competitive strategy of a company while SWOT looks at the internal aspects of an organization. 

In conclusion

This business analysis model aids in assessing the competitive landscape within a company's industry. The level of influence a company wields across these factors could potentially shape future profitability.

Porter’s Five Forces forces company’s to look beyond their organization and at the greater industry structure in order to map out future plans and strategies. While this framework still plays a valuable role in the business sector, it should not be the only tool used by a company to determine its strategy. 

‍