Learning the friendly way

Investing centers around making gains off of your initial capital. When determining the potential gains one could make there are a number of variables one needs to consider, such as how much capital one has put into the investment and what returns are associated with that asset class.

This led to the creation of ROI (return on investment), a measure that allows anyone to calculate the net profit or loss of an investment in percentage form. 

What is return on investment?

All investments, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and small businesses, come with the goal of making more money than you put in. The money you earn over and above your initial investment is called profit. When discussing investment profitability, people often use the term ROI, meaning return on investment. This metric expresses the amount of net profit one can earn/earned as a percentage of what the initial investment was.

ROI can help you assess if buying property or investing in a business is worth it. It's also helped companies determine the value of adding new products, building more facilities, acquiring other businesses, advertising campaigns, etc.

ROI (return on investment) is the percentage of gain or loss on an investment relative to the total cost of the investment.  In other terms, it's a way to compare different investments in order to figure out which ones are worth pursuing. For example, you could calculate ROI to decide whether selling one stock and buying another would be a good idea.

While there is no limit to a return on investment theoretically, in practice, no investment is guaranteed to have any return. If your ROI is negative, it means you not only failed to make a profit but also lost some of your original investment. The worst possible outcome would be -100% ROI, meaning you completely lost your initial investment. An ROI of 0% signifies that you at least recovered the money you put in, but gained nothing beyond that.

While ROI is often used as a marker of profitability, it isn't foolproof. There are several limitations to calculating ROI as your only measure which include the time frame in which you will earn back your investment, inflation rates, how risky a venture is, and additional maintenance costs that may be incurred.

Calculating ROI terminology

Before we dive in, let's first cover some basic terminology.

Net profit or net income

Net profit is the amount of money left over after all operating costs, such as the cost of transaction costs or maintenance costs, and other expenses have been accounted for and subtracted from the total revenue. It is used to measure profitability. Net profit can also be called net income, net earnings, or the bottom line.

Total cost of investment

This figure will look at the amount of money invested in a particular investment.

How to calculate ROI: the ROI formula

The ROI formula is a simple equation that looks at the price change of the asset and the net profits (the initial cost of the investment minus its value when you sell it). When calculating ROI you would use this formula:

ROI = (Net Profit / Total Cost of Investment) x 100

To factor trading costs into your ROI figure, you'll use: 

ROI = ((Value of Investment - Cost of Investment – Associated Costs) / Cost of Investment) x 100

As an example, let's say you buy 5 shares of $100 each in Twitter, equating to $500. You sell them a year later for $150 each, equating to $750. Let's say you paid $5 commission on each trade, costing you $25 in trading fees. 

ROI = (($750 - $500 - $25) / $500) x 100 = 45%

This means that you made a 45% return on investment on that particular investment.

How to determine a strong ROI

A "good" return on investment is any number above 0, as this means you made some profit. However, the ideal ROI should be higher than what you could've earned had you chosen another investment (the next best thing). 

To compare this, investors often compare their earnings to what they could've made on the broader stock market or in a high-yield savings account. Using the S&P 500 as a control, over the past four decades it has made gains of around 7% (after inflation). An ROI is generally considered to be a strong one if it beats the stock market in the long term. 

It's always important to note that past performance does not equate to future results. Another pearl of wisdom to remember is that high rewards generally come alongside high risks. If an investment promises very high ROIs, consider this also means that it comes with high risks. 

Therefore, a strong ROI will vary depending on the investment's level of risk, your goals, and how much risk you're willing to take.

Where the ROI formula falls short

The main limitation of using this return on investment ROI formula as a marker of success is that it doesn't show how long it took to earn the money back. When comparing various investments, the time it takes to mature will have a significant impact on the profits you could earn.

For instance, a year loan versus a bond held for five years versus a property held for 10 years will all have varying ROIs once you've established how long it will take to earn the specified ROIs. 

In this scenario, the ROI calculations mentioned above skimp on the full story. It also doesn't account for risk. For instance, the loan repayments could be delayed or the property market might be in a slump, all affecting the potential profits earnable.

With many variables, it becomes harder to predict what the exact ROI calculation on an investment will be, so be sure to factor this in when using the return on investment ROI formula to determine how attractive an investment opportunity or business venture is. 

ROI alternatives

Although the return on investment doesn't consider how long you keep an asset, it's essential to compare the ROI of investments held for comparable lengths of time as a more clear performance measure. If that's not possible, there are a few other options.

Average Annual Return

Also known as annualized return on investment, this adjusts the ROI formula to factor in the timing. Here you would divide the ROI by the number of years you hold the asset.

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

This option is more complicated but yields more accurate results as it factors in compound interest generated over time. 

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

This measure factors in the notion that profits earned earlier outway the same profits earned later, taking into account interest that could've been earned and factors like inflation. This equation is quite complicated but there are online calculators one can use. 

Conclusion

A return on investment (ROI) is a formula used to calculate the net profit or loss of an investment in percentage form. The ROI calculation can present valuable information when investing capital or determining profitability ratios. The ROI equation looks at the initial value of one investment and determines the financial return. A negative ROI indicates that the investment returns were lower than the investment cost.

Vous avez probablement déjà rencontré le terme "token" dans vos aventures crypto, ou entendu parler de Bitcoin et Ethereum décrits comme des tokens, mais que signifie tout cela ? Dans cet article, nous allons détailler ce qu'est un token, comment distinguer un coin d'un token et comment il peut être utilisé comme outil pour stocker de la valeur.

Définition d'un token

Un token, dans le sens cryptographique du terme, représente un actif ou une utilité particulière. Il est important de noter que les termes "tokens" et "cryptomonnaies" sont souvent utilisés de manière interchangeable, bien qu'ils diffèrent techniquement. Les tokens se classent généralement dans l'une des trois catégories suivantes :

1. Tokens de paiement :
   Ces tokens permettent aux utilisateurs d'acheter des biens et des services en dehors de la blockchain, offrant une alternative aux monnaies traditionnelles.
2. Tokens de sécurité: 
   Similaires aux introductions en bourse (IPO) sur le marché boursier, les tokens de sécurité offrent aux utilisateurs une participation ou donnent droit à des dividendes dans un projet blockchain.
3. Tokens utilitaires:
   Les tokens utilitaires offrent aux utilisateurs l'accès à un service au sein d'un écosystème particulier, similaire aux points de fidélité sur une carte Starbucks. Ces points ont de la valeur dans leur propre écosystème mais ne peuvent pas être utilisés en dehors.

Coins vs Tokens

Pour être plus technique, lorsqu'on explore les pièces par rapport aux tokens, les tokens sont catégorisés comme des actifs crypto qui ont été construits sur une autre blockchain, tandis que les pièces sont construites sur leur propre blockchain. L'Ether, par exemple, est le token natif de la blockchain Ethereum, cependant, la plateforme permet aux développeurs de créer une gamme de standards de tokens par-dessus.

Sur la base de ces informations, tous les tokens ERC-20 sont donc catégorisés comme des tokens et non comme des pièces. USD Coin (USDC) et Tether (USDT) sont donc des tokens car ils sont construits sur la blockchain Ethereum. Bien que chaque réseau soit géré par sa propre direction, les deux utilisent la blockchain Ethereum pour faciliter toutes les transactions.

Comment les tokens sont-ils échangés ?

Tout comme les pièces, les tokens peuvent être achetés, vendus et échangés sur des plateformes d'échange, ou envoyés directement d'un portefeuille à un autre. Cela est facilité par la technologie blockchain, de la même manière que les pièces sont transférées d'un endroit à un autre. Contrairement aux pièces, qui sont toutes de nature fongible, les tokens peuvent parfois être non fongibles, ce qui signifie qu'ils ne sont pas identiques en valeur et en fonction.

Les tokens sont envoyés en utilisant l'adresse du portefeuille compatible blockchain du destinataire. L'adresse est souvent représentée par un code-barres sous forme de QR code, ou par un long code alphanumérique. Toutes les transactions ont lieu à partir du portefeuille contenant les tokens et sont envoyées directement au portefeuille du destinataire sans nécessiter d'autorité centralisée comme une banque. Les tokens peuvent généralement être achetés sur des plateformes d'échange, souvent avec Visa ou Mastercard, ou échangés entre utilisateurs.

En quoi un NFT est-il différent d'une cryptomonnaie ?

Les tokens non fongibles (NFT) sont tous différents les uns des autres car ils représentent chacun un objet du monde réel, qu'il s'agisse d'une œuvre d'art numérique ou d'une bouteille de vin fin. Le Bitcoin peut être échangé contre n'importe quoi dans le monde, alors que les NFT sont de nature unique et, bien qu'ils aient de la valeur, ils ne peuvent pas être utilisés de manière interchangeable.

À quoi servent les NFT ?

Les NFT sont utilisés pour représenter un actif particulier, qu'il soit physique ou numérique. Une fois créés, ces tokens représenteront de façon permanente cet actif et ne pourront pas être modifiés. Par exemple, un NFT pourrait représenter un appartement à Londres tandis qu'un autre pourrait représenter une chanson de Kings of Leon. Les possibilités sont infinies, et les marchés sont énormes.

Les utilisateurs peuvent facilement échanger des NFT sur des places de marché (via un site web ou une application mobile) telles que OpenSea ou Rarible. Une fois que vous possédez un NFT, vous êtes crédité des droits de propriété de l'actif que le NFT représente. En raison de la nature de la technologie blockchain, cela est affiché de manière permanente sur le registre public du réseau pour que quiconque puisse le vérifier. Ce processus garantit que la propriété d'un NFT ne peut pas être modifiée et que l'information est disponible pour que quiconque puisse la créditer.

Notez que plusieurs réseaux blockchain supportent actuellement la création de NFT, et le détenteur aura besoin d'un portefeuille spécifique à cette blockchain pour détenir le NFT.

Les tokens sont-ils réglementés ?

En ce qui concerne la réglementation, les pays du monde entier élaborent actuellement des cadres juridiques pour mieux intégrer les cryptomonnaies dans notre système financier actuel. Cela inclut les tokens.

Une fois que les cryptomonnaies seront réglementées par les autorités gouvernementales, elles pourraient offrir au monde des cas d'utilisation inédits comme la gestion d'une ordonnance dans une pharmacie ou des services cliniques, ou pour fournir un retour d'information au support informatique. Bien qu'il y ait de nombreux tokens disponibles sur le marché aujourd'hui, il est probable que ce ne soit que la partie émergée de l'iceberg en termes de leur potentiel pour améliorer les problèmes rencontrés dans le monde entier.

You've likely come across the term "ERC-20" in your crypto endeavours, with plenty of these token standards currently ranked in the top 10 (even top 100) cryptocurrencies. But what does ERC-20 actually mean, and what is a token standard? In this piece, we're uncovering everything you need to know about these popular crypto terms.

To start things off, ERC stands for Ethereum request for comment.

What is a token standard?

Let's start at the beginning. When Ethereum was created to provide developers with a platform on which to build decentralized apps (Dapps), the team incorporated several token standards. 

These token standards allow new projects to create, issue and deploy various functioning tokens on the blockchain. Each token standard is a smart contract that holds a set of particular "rules" that must be followed in order to be created.

In recent years a number of blockchain platforms that provide Dapp creation functionality have created their own token standards, however, for the sake of this article we are only looking at Ethereum.

The most popular token standards on Ethereum are the ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-777, and ERC-1155 tokens. Each holds its own functionality and would be utilized depending on what the Dapp intends to use it for, i.e. will it be a transferable asset or be used to hold ownership rights. 

What is an ERC-20 token?

By far the most popular token standard utilized on the Ethereum network, the ERC-20 token is a fungible token that can be bought, sold and traded in the blockchain ecosystem. To date over 350,000 ERC-20 tokens have been created. 

Similar to the functioning of other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Litecoin, ERC-20 tokens also hold value and are able to be bought and sold, however, they operate solely on the Ethereum blockchain. This means that all ERC-20 transactions conducted are executed on the Ethereum blockchain network.

The rules associated with this particular token ensure that it can function optimally on the Ethereum blockchain, and must be submitted to the community leadership for approval prior to its launch. While some rules are mandatory and others optional, the required ERC-20 rules are as follows:

• total supply: defines the total supply of the token
• balance of: indicates how many tokens are in a wallet address
• transfer To, Transfer From: must be able to be transferred from one user to another
• allowance: ensures that wallets have a sufficient amount before making a transaction
• approve: checks total supply against transactions

The optional elements are centred around the token's name, its ticker symbol and how many decimal places it would have %u200BFor instance, Ethereum's token name is Ether, its ticker symbol is ETH and it is divisible by up to 18 decimal places.

Examples of ERC-20 tokens are Augur (REP), Basic Attention Token (BAT), Maker (MKR), USD Coin (USDC) and OmiseGO (OMG).

Can you mine ERC-20 tokens?

ERC-20 tokens, unlike Ethereum and its native coins (ether), cannot be mined. That is, new tokens are 'minted' when a planned initial token offering (ICO) or security token offering (STO) event takes place. Usually, these events involve users sending ether to a smart contract address and in return receiving the newly minted ERC-20 token.

An ERC-20 token is technically a smart contract so it's possible for the developer team behind an ERC-20 token to issue new tokens at will. However, this isn't recommended because users would be less likely to trust these tokens if they could be minted at will. There must be a measure of scarcity in order for tokens to be valuable.

The pros & cons of ERC-20 tokens:

Some of the main benefits of ERC-20 tokens include: 

Fungible

Fungible ERC20 tokens are interchangeable, just like cash. Although the coins are technically distinct, they function in exactly the same way. You can trade one for another and they will be functionally equivalent, just like cash or gold.

Fungible tokens are fantastic, and there's a lot of value in the technical aspect. On a technical level, it's worth noting that fungible tokens don't add extra value to goods. They're typically beneficial in a variety of commercial scenarios.

Broad adoption

The popularity of ERC-20 tokens is quite apparent in the cryptocurrency industry. The number of exchanges, wallets, and smart contracts that already support newly-launched tokens has made it easy for new projects to integrate with them. There is plenty of developer support and documentation to go around.

Flexibility

The first thing to note about ERC-20 tokens is that they are highly flexible and may be used in a variety of circumstances and applications. This is due to the fact that these tokens are very customizable. They can be used in a lot of different scenarios such as Loyalty points programs, in-game currencies, or digital collectibles such as NFT's.

Some of the main cons of ERC-20 tokens include:

Mainstream

The popularity of ERC-20 tokens is also their greatest weakness. There are so many projects using the same standard that it's difficult to stand out from the crowd without differentiating your token in some way. Moreover, since they're essentially all the same on a technical level.

Fraud and Scams

It takes minimal effort to create a simple ERC-20 token, meaning that anyone could do it for good or bad purposes. As such you want to be careful with what you're investing in when considering blockchains projects because there are some Pyramid schemes masquerading as legitimate projects out there and trying to get unsuspecting investors involved in their scams. As a result, when looking at blockchain projects, you need to be cautious with what you invest in.

Other ERC Token Standards

While there is a large range of ERC tokens available, below we've outlined the most popular ones (excluding the ERC-20 one as it is listed above). 

ERC-721 

This token standard is for a non-fungible token (NFT) which gained huge popularity in the last year across the gaming and digital art worlds. These tokens represent ownership of something, and cannot be used interchangeably. 

ERC-777 

An evolution of the ERC-20 token, the ERC-777 provides more usability, particularly pertaining to its ability to mint or burn tokens. It also holds improved transaction privacy and an emergency recovery function. 

ERC-1155

This token standard allows for the creation of both utility tokens and non-fungible tokens. Making trading more efficient, the token standard allows for bundling of transactions which in turn saves costs. 

Learn more about cryptocurrencies and blockchain

You can learn more about crypto basics from our specially created Learn centre, which covers everything a trader ought to know about cryptocurrencies and the blockchain industry. 

Un actif peut être défini comme une ressource ou un élément qui génère des avantages économiques futurs pour la personne, l’entreprise ou le pays qui le détient. Les actifs ont toujours occupé une place centrale dans les bilans comptables des entreprises, mais leur définition s’est largement étendue dans le secteur financier moderne. Des actifs financiers aux ressources générant une valeur économique, faisons le tour de tout ce qu’il faut savoir sur les actifs.

Que signifie le terme "actif" ?

Un actif désigne un élément ou une ressource ayant une valeur économique, dont la détention par un individu, une entreprise ou un État permet d’en attendre des bénéfices financiers futurs. Les actifs peuvent être conservés pour maintenir de la liquidité ou être vendus dans le but de réaliser un bénéfice.

Ces actifs se voient généralement attribuer une valeur monétaire, permettant d’évaluer leur liquidité ou leur potentiel de rentabilité. Les actifs détenus par un particulier sont appelés actifs personnels, tandis que ceux détenus par une entreprise sont appelés actifs professionnels.

Les actifs sont utilisés pour augmenter la valeur nette, améliorer la santé financière d’une entreprise, et plus encore. Ils peuvent être physiques ou immatériels, comme de l’or ou du Bitcoin. Que ce soit pour les particuliers ou les entreprises, les actifs servent à prouver la solvabilité, la santé financière et le niveau de fonds propres. Ils peuvent aussi garantir des prêts ou être vendus pour générer un profit.

La probabilité de succès d’une entreprise se mesure souvent en soustrayant les passifs de la valeur totale de ses actifs. En résumé, un actif est une ressource qui peut, dans l’avenir, générer des flux de trésorerie — que ce soit une machine de production ou un brevet.

Les actifs peuvent être classés en différentes catégories : actifs courants, actifs immobilisés, actifs tangibles, actifs intangibles, actifs opérationnels, et actifs non opérationnels.

Comment fonctionnent les actifs ?

Particuliers, entreprises et gouvernements accumulent des actifs dans l’espoir qu’ils génèrent des bénéfices économiques à court ou à long terme. Cependant, il n’y a aucune garantie de gains, car les actifs peuvent soit prendre de la valeur, soit en perdre. Les bénéfices ne sont réalisés qu’au moment de la vente. Cette volatilité peut influencer la valeur de revente et modifier la solvabilité globale d’une personne ou d’une entreprise.

La solvabilité signifie que la valeur des actifs est suffisante pour couvrir les passifs existants. Les entreprises utilisent généralement un bilan comptable, qui récapitule les actifs, les passifs et les capitaux propres, pour évaluer leur situation financière.

Mais avant d’aller plus loin dans la compréhension des actifs, découvrons les types d’actifs les plus courants.

Les différents types d’actifs

Il existe six grandes catégories d’actifs, chacune ayant ses spécificités. Un actif peut parfois appartenir à plusieurs catégories à la fois, en fonction de son utilisation et de son rôle. Voici les principaux types d’actifs :

Les actifs courants (actifs professionnels)

Les actifs courants, ou actifs liquides, peuvent rapidement être convertis en liquidités pour régler des dettes ou des dépenses immédiates. Exemples : la trésorerie et ses équivalents, les comptes clients, les stocks ou encore les charges payées d’avance.

Les actifs immobilisés

Aussi appelés actifs non courants, ils sont destinés à un usage à long terme (plus de 12 mois) et ne sont pas conçus pour être convertis rapidement en liquidités. Exemples : terrains, bâtiments, machines ou équipements.

Les actifs tangibles

Il s’agit des actifs physiques, que l’on peut voir et toucher. Exemples : espèces, inventaire, bâtiments, actions physiques, machines ou mobilier.

Les actifs intangibles

Ces actifs n’ont pas de substance physique et sont par définition immatériels. Exemples : propriété intellectuelle, brevets, cryptomonnaies, licences, subventions, ou formules secrètes.

Les actifs opérationnels

Les actifs opérationnels sont ceux utilisés par une entreprise pour ses activités quotidiennes ou pour générer des revenus. Exemples : inventaires, brevets, équipements, formules secrètes et licences.

Les actifs non opérationnels

Ce sont des actifs qui, bien qu’ils ne soient pas directement utilisés dans les activités courantes de l’entreprise, peuvent tout de même générer des profits futurs. Exemples : terrains non bâtis, titres négociables, investissements à court ou long terme.

La définition d’un actif

Comme nous l’avons vu, la définition d’un actif est très large et ne se limite pas aux catégories mentionnées. Prenons l’exemple d’un brevet : considéré comme un actif immatériel, il est aussi un actif opérationnel vital pour certaines entreprises.

Le Bitcoin, lui, est un autre exemple d’actif qui bouscule les frontières. Considéré comme un actif immatériel stocké numériquement, il peut aussi être qualifié d’actif courant, voire d’actif liquide.

Un stock de marchandises est à la fois un actif courant, tangible et opérationnel. Cela illustre bien qu’il n’existe pas une seule définition ou catégorie d’actif, mais plutôt une classification qui dépend de l’utilisation qu’en fait l’investisseur.

Cependant, il est essentiel de se rappeler que certains principes de base s’appliquent généralement : un actif tangible ne peut pas être un actif intangible, un actif courant ne sera pas un actif immobilisé, et un actif opérationnel ne sera pas un actif non opérationnel. Bien sûr, quelques exceptions existent, mais cette règle de base est bonne à garder en tête.

Actifs vs passifs

Que ce soit pour évaluer la valeur nette d’un entrepreneur ou la santé financière d’une entreprise, les passifs jouent un rôle clé. La différence entre les actifs et les passifs permet de calculer les fonds propres, aussi appelés capitaux propres.

Pour déterminer ce montant, il suffit d’examiner le bilan de l’entreprise. Notez que l’accès à ces bilans dépend du statut de l’entreprise : les sociétés cotées en bourse sont légalement tenues de publier leurs états financiers dans leurs rapports annuels.

En résumé, l’équation est simple :
Actifs - Passifs = Capitaux propres

Comprendre les actifs et leur valeur économique

La définition d’un actif est pratiquement illimitée. Par exemple, ce collier en saphir hérité de votre grand-mère est considéré comme un actif courant et tangible. Sa valeur pourrait être monétisée immédiatement ou conservée jusqu’à ce qu’une pénurie de saphirs fasse grimper son prix.

Que ce soit dans un contexte personnel ou professionnel, les actifs représentent des ressources capables de générer des flux de trésorerie futurs. Qu’ils soient fixes ou courants, l’objectif principal reste de tirer profit de leur valeur.

L’or, le Bitcoin, les biens immobiliers, les voitures, les formules secrètes et les brevets sont tous classés comme des actifs, car ils détiennent un potentiel économique réel.

Maintenant que vous avez une meilleure compréhension des actifs et de la valeur qu’ils peuvent représenter, à vous de faire vos recherches et d’identifier les actifs qui correspondent à vos objectifs financiers.

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In this article, we’re exploring the most recent addition to the list of supported cryptocurrencies on the Tap App, one of the highly esteemed top 20 cryptocurrencies based on market cap, Algorand (ALGO).

What is Algorand (ALGO)?

Algorand is a decentralized blockchain platform that supports the development of a wide range of dapps (decentralized applications). The platform has been used to create dapps across industries like real estate, copyright, microfinance and more. Launching the same month as its ICO, the Algorand mainnet officially went live in June 2019. 

The Pure-Proof-of-Stake (PPoS) network was created to improve efficiency and transaction times within the crypto space, as well as reduce transaction costs. With no mining (due to the PPoS consensus), Algorand represents a more sustainable and energy-reserving contribution to the space. 

A unique aspect of the platform is that as new ALGO enter circulation with the creation of each new block, the newly minted coins are distributed to everyone who holds a certain amount of ALGO in their wallets. 

While the project is relatively new, it has received the backing of big names and has seen impressive company interest. In June 2021, Arrington Capital bet $100 million on the platform after launching a fund supporting initiatives building on Algorand, while fintech infrastructure provider Six Clovers launched a cross-border payment system on the platform. 

The platform was also selected to host the Marshall Islands CBDC. 

Who created Algorand?

The blockchain platform was created by Silvio Micali, a highly regarded contributor to the crypto space and recipient of the 2012 Turing Award. The MIT computer science professor was recognised for his fundamental contributions to “the theory and practice of secure two-party computation, electronic cash, cryptocurrencies and blockchain protocols.” 

The Algorand whitepaper was co-authored by Stony Brook University professor Jing Chen.

When first conceptualised in 2017, Micali wanted to create a platform that not only provided digital transactions but also tracked assets like titles and property. The platform also allows for the creation of smart contracts (decentralized digital agreements) and tokens. 

How does Algorand work?

The Algorand platform is divided into two layers: layer 1, responsible for ​​ensuring the network’s security and compatibility, and layer 2, responsible for more complex developments. 

Layer 1 supports asset creation, smart contracts, and atomic swaps between assets while layer 2 is reserved for more compound smart contracts and dApp development. These two layers allow the network to process transactions more efficiently, with simple transactions taking place on layer 1, while more complex smart contracts are executed off-chain. 

Through the pure proof of work consensus, the two-phase block production is conducted through a propose and vote system where users who stake ALGO are randomly selected to validate and approve each block as it is created. Stakers only need to hold 1 ALGO in order to generate a participation key necessary to become a Participation Node. 

These nodes are coordinated by Relay Nodes which are not actively involved in the verification process but are responsible for facilitating communication among the Participation Nodes.

The more of the native cryptocurrency a user holds, the more likely they are to be selected. This consensus ensures that the platform is secure, decentralized and able to process transactions in seconds as opposed to minutes (as on other networks).

Algorand is able to process over 1,000 transactions per second (TPS) and validate transactions in less than five seconds.

What is ALGO?

ALGO is the native token to the Algorand platform. As the newly minted coins are distributed to all users holding ALGO (whether on an exchange or in a non-custodial wallet) and not just the nodes verifying transactions, holders of the token are able to earn a 7.5% annual percentage yield (APY). 

A total of 10 billion tokens were minted, with roughly 6.8 billion in circulation at the time of writing. These tokens are gradually entered into circulation through predetermined distribution channels. The token distribution for ALGO is as follows:

• 3.0 billion. To be injected into circulation over the first 5 years, at first via auction.
• 1.75 billion. Allocated to participation rewards.
• 2.5 billion. Allocated to relay node runners.
• 2.5 billion. Allocated to the Singapore-based Algorand Foundation & Algorand, Inc.
• 0.25 billion. Allocated to end-user grants. 

How Can I Buy ALGO?

If you’re interested in accumulating this leading blockchain token, you can do so effortlessly through the Tap app. As part of a new string of supported tokens, Tap users will now be able to buy, sell, trade and store the cryptocurrency that everyone is talking about. 

ICO is an abbreviation for Initial Coin Offering, a term coined supposedly in 2013 yet only gained popularity in 2017. ICOs were created as a method of raising funds for cryptocurrency projects in a crowdfunding manner. When people partake in an ICO, through funding it, they receive "shares" of that project in the form of cryptocurrency tokens.

This method is set up to help new projects find funding to build their project, platforms, or products. It's very similar to investing in a start-up in the hopes of a project becoming bigger and better through your investment contribution.

Mastercoin was the first ICO recorded back in 2013, raising a grand total of 5,120 BTC. Shortly after, Ethereum followed, and in 2014 raised roughly $18 million to build their project. There is clearly a great deal of success to be seen through ICOs, so let's see what all the fuss is about.

ICO vs IPO vs IEO

Let's look at IPOs, or initial public offerings, to learn more about where ICOs originated.

Similar to ICOs, IPOs were created as a way of gaining capital to better the businesses' infrastructures. While they are similar to a crowdfunding aspect,the primary distinction is in how investors are rewarded. IPOs will offer their investors shares, while ICOs offer digital currencies that can be used within their ecosystems or can be sold when the price increases.

Now that we understand how ICOs and IPOs work, let's discuss the differences when it comes to IEOs, or Initial Exchange Offerings. Again, this is another method used to raise funds for upcoming projects, but there are some key aspects that make IEOs different to IPOs and ICOs. While IEOs are also a crowdfunding method in the cryptocurrency industry, they use an exchange. Anyone can generally buy tokens from an ICO page, whereas IEOs use exchanges as the distribution mechanism.

In order to take part in an IEO, you must be a registered user of the exchange that the project is utilizing. While IEOs may be more transparent, they do push us towards a more centralized approach. There are also IDOs, Initial Dex Offering, Dex standing for decentralized exchange (increasing the data privacy aspect), but that's a topic for another day.

How they work

So now we know what ICOs are and how they differ from their counterparts, but now let's delve deeper into how ICOs actually work. As stated, ICOs are a way for cryptocurrency projects to raise money. When a project decides to launch an ICO it will generally underline the sale dates, the participation rules, and the buying process.

Usually, investors will need to choose currencies they are happy to accept in exchange for their tokens, such as Mastercoin accepting Bitcoin. There are some ICOs who will also accept fiat currencies as payment.

The projects' core purpose, its timeline, and how much money is needed to succeed should be released in their whitepaper. If the project does not raise enough money to meet the minimum funds needed, the money should be returned to those who contributed. This would classify the ICO as unsuccessful.

If the funding goal is met, the project will continue to pursue its original goals and contributors will be able to claim their tokens further along. Tokens will either be listed on notable exchanges later on or will be distributed using smart contract technology,This is something you should do more study on before contributing to an ICO.

Advantages and disadvantages

While ICOs have proven to be a massive benefit to project developers, there are some underlying issues and risks that may come into play. In order to give you the best chance of understanding ICOs we will need to cover all the pros and cons that come with ICOs. So let's see what you have to look out for:

Pros

        High potential profits

        Accessible to anyone (unlike IEOs)

        Money returned if unsuccessful (smart contacts)

        Transparency on fund usage (Blockchain)

        High liquidity

Cons

        No intrinsic value

        No legal guarantees

        Potential fraud

Frequently asked questions

Now that we have covered the basics, there are some additional questions the internet has and we thought we would take the time to answer them for you. These are the most frequently asked questions about ICOs, and while we have answered some here is a more TL;DR breakdown:

What does ICO mean?

ICO stands for Initial Coin Offering, a phrase coined by the cryptocurrency industry.

What is the purpose of an ICO?

ICO is a method used to raise funds for up and coming projects, think of it as an early investment phase.

How do I get an ICO?

That depends on the ICO you want to partake in, you will generally need to sign up to the ICO, deposit funds, and wait for the tokens to be distributed either through an exchange or smart contract. This differs depending on the projects' ICO parameters.

Is Bitcoin an ICO?

No, Bitcoin required no funding, tokens were mined and sold without the need for crowdfunding.

How many ICOs are there?

There is no definitive number out there but consensus shows that there have been roughly over 7,000 businesses that have attempted ICOs.

Are ICOs safe?

This is a tricky question and depends greatly on the individual project that is hosting an ICO, whether they are using smart contact technology, and how legitimate the team behind it is. ICOs can be safe, but they also carry risks, it is always best to do your own research before investing.

As there is no universal authority on ICOs there is certainly a lack of regulation in the space so be sure to do thorough research before parting ways with your money.

Closing Thoughts

That is all the essential information you need to grasp in order to better understand what an ICO is. From the textbook definition to its competitors, how it works, and everything in between. ICOs are popular for a reason, they offer a range of benefits to both projects and investors, but you should keep in mind that there is no benefit without risk.

While we can explain what an ICO is, we can not tell you whether to invest in an ICO. It's important to vet the project for yourself and see if it aligns with your interests, and more importantly if it has all the key components for a legitimate project and token.

While the world is increasingly accepting of ICOs from both businesses and retail investors standpoints, there are several alternatives available. We briefly discussed IEOs and IDOs, but more crowdfunding methods have flourished from the origins of ICOs, so be sure to explore those out too. At the end of the day, we hope we helped you better understand what an ICO is.