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Have you heard of the term “altcoin” but not exactly sure what that means? In this article we’re breaking down everything you need to know about altcoins, from the different types of altcoins and how they work, to how you can get your hands on them (buy altcoins). The crypto industry can often feel a little daunting, so we’re here to clear the air and help you establish a strong foundation of insight, knowledge and know how. 

Starting at the beginning, what are altcoins? Altcoins are all cryptocurrencies except for Bitcoin. Not too complicated, is it? Circling back to the early days of the crypto industry when there were only a few cryptocurrencies on the scene, any new coin that was introduced was referred to as an “alternative coin” (labelling it as an alternative cryptocurrency to Bitcoin), which was then shortened to altcoin. So when someone refers to an altcoin, know that they are talking about any cryptocurrency that is not the original (Bitcoin). Altcoins are still decentralized networks, with most of them utilizing blockchain technology.

How Many Altcoins Are There?

At the time of writing, CoinMarketCap reports that there are over 9,400 altcoins in the cryptocurrency industry. This number is increasing by the day, however it’s worth mentioning that these 9,400+ altcoins only make up 50% of the entire cryptocurrency market’s value. Bitcoin is still the most dominant cryptocurrency, with Ethereum the next bigger cryptocurrency. Ethereum is currently responsible for holding roughly 14.5% of the entire market’s value. As Ethereum is also an altcoin, this makes the “altcoin industry” worth $1 trillion. In general terms, one would rather just say the crypto industry.

The Different Types Of Altcoins

With an industry worth over $1 trillion, there is bound to be a wide range of variation. This is just the case with the crypto industry. There are a number of categories that have been created over the years, allowing for various altcoins to provide a new service to the industry. You can also expect to see tons of innovation in the altcoin space, as each new altcoin needs to either improve on the last one, or provide a different use case.

Each cryptocurrency is designed to solve a problem, either faced within the blockchain industry or outside of it, however, many of these have created a niche altcoin market. An example of this is altcoins focused primarily on providing anonymous transactions, these altcoins then fall into the Privacy category. We’ve detailed seven of the main categories below to give you an indication of the vast innovation and use case potential within the space. 

Payment Focused Altcoins

First and foremost, these cryptocurrencies’ primary aim is to provide a medium of exchange within the digital currency realm. Focusing on payment functionality, these digital currencies are akin to Bitcoin and often were created as a “better” version of BTC (through hark forks on the network). Some examples of this include Litecoin (LTC) and Bitcoin Cash (BCH). 

Protocol Focused Altcoins

Protocol focused altcoins are designed to allow developers to work on their blockchain network to create decentralized apps (dapps), smart contracts, and in some cases other cryptocurrencies. They provide space for innovation within the blockchain industry, and empower developers to learn and grow their blockchain understanding. Examples of protocol focused cryptocurrencies include Ethereum (ETH), Tron (TRON) and Neo (NEO). 

Privacy Focused Altcoins

As mentioned above, privacy focused cryptocurrencies provide users the opportunity to send private transactions that are entirely encrypted. While these networks often garner a bad name due to them being used for illicit activities, they are in essence not far from what Satoshi Nakamoto originally intended for Bitcoin. Each network uses slightly different protocols, however they all provide the means to send secure, anonymous transactions. Examples of privacy focused cryptocurrencies include Monero (XMR), Zcash (ZEC) and Dash (DASH).

Stablecoins

You’ve likely heard of stablecoins before. They are the digital currencies that are pegged to a fiat currency. Providing a stable market inside of what has become known as a highly volatile market (cryptocurrencies as a whole), stablecoins offer a hedge against market dips as well as an entry point for users who want to get a feel for the crypto industry. Examples of stablecoins include USD Coin (USDC) and Tether (USDT) which are both pegged to the US dollar, trading at a 1:1 ratio (i.e. 1 USDT will always be worth $1). Stablecoins also include cryptocurrencies pegged to the value of commodities such as gold and oil.

NFTs

NFTs (non fungible tokens) have had their fair share of mainstream media attention recently, especially after one NFT broke records when sold for millions of dollars. NFTs are actually unique crypto assets that cannot be used in the same way that other digital currencies can be. Each NFT holds unique characteristics that represent a one of a kind product, whether it be a piece of digital art, physical art, a house, or even a luxury handbag. These altcoins cannot be recreated, and hold all their transaction history (previous ownership) on a transparent blockchain. They also cannot be “spent” in the same way as other cryptocurrencies in that one an NFT is created, it has that purpose attached to it for life (unlike BTC which can be spent interchangeably).

CBDCs 

CBDCs (central bank digital currencies) are similar to stablecoins but are created and maintained by financial institutions like banks. These currencies’ value is pegged to the local currency, and allow countries to test the efficiency of digital currencies without the volatility. Many countries are in the development phase of CBDCs, however China is leading the pack having recently launched their testing phase. 

Utility tokens

Utility tokens are blockchain tokens that are unique to a particular platform. Many cryptocurrency projects have created utility tokens as a means of crowdfunding prior to their launch, while other projects create utility tokens to be used within the platform for goods and services. Typically, utility tokens have been ERC-20 tokens, and might allow a user access to a new level of a game or to a subscription of some sorts.

How to Get Altcoins

Having gained an understanding of altcoins, individuals eager to explore the thriving altcoin market can effortlessly leverage the capabilities of the Tap app. Tap offers seamless access to an extensive spectrum of cryptocurrencies, including notable names such as Ethereum, Litecoin, XRP, and an assortment of others. It's crucial to bear in mind that not all cryptocurrency wallets exhibit compatibility across the board. For instance, attempting to house an altcoin like XRP within your Bitcoin wallet or stow Tron within your Ethereum wallet would not work due to their incompatibility.

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When exploring the world of blockchain and its endless possibilities, it’s likely that you’ve come across the term dapps. But what are dapps? In this piece we explore the concept, decipher their place in the industry, and look at several networks that currently support them.

What are dapps?

Decentralized apps, or dapps as they’re more commonly known, are applications that are built on top of peer to peer decentralized networks. Instead of being built on one computer, with one single entity in control, dapps utilize a network of computers based anywhere around the world. With multiple computers operating and maintaining the network, dapps are able to incorporate many streams of content consumption, be it providing content, trading or consuming it. 

The advantages of dapps

Compared to standard web apps, like Twitter or Uber, these apps can handle multiple users but only one authority has control over the backend of the app. Dapps provide a more decentralized and secure approach. So while Uber connects passengers to drivers through the app for a portion of the payment, dapps essentially allow the drivers and riders to connect directly, taking no payment for the connection.

Another advantage to the world of dapps is that all transactions are transparent and stored on the blockchain of the network it is built on. Dapps also need a token to operate, which enhances the security of both the dapp and the transactions taking place. Typically dapps are also open source, allowing other developers to view the code and further drive development in the industry.

The disadvantages of dapps

As with anything in life, there are also disadvantages. As the world of dapps is still in its infancy stage, the user base is relatively low. When it comes to blockchain based projects, the more users a network has the higher functioning the network is. Unfortunately, many dapps still have a relatively low user base decreasing the functionality, however that doesn’t speak for all of them. As the blockchain and crypto worlds continue developing and reaching wider audiences, both the usability and users will increase. 

Another disadvantage is the potential vulnerability to hacking. As most dapps are created using open source smart contracts, this leaves them open to potential probing from hackers. This isn’t a given, however it has happened in the past that hackers found weaknesses in the network and were able to conduct illicit activities through them. 

How many dapps are there?

According to a dapp monitoring website, State Of The Dapps, there are currently roughly 3,500 dapps in the industry. These are spanned across a wide range of networks, including the likes of Ethereum, EOS, TRON, NEO, Steem and more. The website further reports that over $257 million has passed through the dapps industry in just twenty four hours (at the time of writing). Dapps also cover a broad range of subjects, with dapps catering to industries like energy, exchanges, finance, gambling, games, health, identity, insurance, marketplaces, media, property, security, social, storage and wallets. The most widely of which are finance, security and exchanges.

A look into Ethereum dapps

The most widely used network to create dapps on top of, Ethereum has over 2,700 dapps built on its network. Ethereum was the first network designed to provide a blockchain platform on which developers could build their own decentralized applications. Ethereum was also the first network that allowed developers to create and execute their own smart contracts, an essential ingredient to the making of dapps. 

According to DappRadar, the three biggest dapps currently on the Ethereum network are DeFi projects and an exchange. Coming in at first place based on its current market cap is Uniswap, a defi protocol (exchange) that facilitates the trading of cryptocurrencies. Uniswap has an estimated 48,950 active users. Also dabbling in the world of DeFi, the second largest dapp on the Ethereum network is compound, a protocol that allows users to lend and borrow crypto. The third largest is MakerDAO, a smart contract that facilitates user interaction with the Dai stablecoin system.

A look into EOS dapps

Similar to Ethereum but with fewer transaction fees, the Entrepreneurial Operating System was designed to provide developers with a platform on which to build their blockchain based endeavours. As the second largest platform on which dapps are currently created, let’s explore the three largest dapps currently operating on the network. Coming in first place is Joule, a dapp which promotes financial inclusion and social change through determining the Global Popularity Index in real time. The next two entries both fall into the DeFi category, being Defibox and VIGOR.

The power of dapps

While many dapps are still in the experimental phase, there is also a large amount of money circulating in the industry and millions of users indicating a promising market. Thanks to dapps’ wide use range and the amount of innovation in the industry at present, the dapp industry is likely to continue growing and become a permanent fixture in many peoples’ lives, whether crypto inclined or not.

Saving and investing are two key elements to managing one's personal wealth. In this article, we explore the benefits and downfalls of both these tools and give you a broader understanding of the topics.

What Does saving entail?

Saving money is an imperative step in building one's wealth and involves putting money away on a consistent basis, consistency is key. These funds are usually kept in an interest-bearing account, allowing the value to increase passively over the years. 

In the United Kingdom, there are different types of ISA (individual savings accounts) that offer tax-free savings options.

In order to save, one must be spending less than they're earning. 

What does investing entail?

Investing involves buying an asset with the intention for it to accumulate in value. This typically comes after saving, although the earlier the better. People invest in the likes of stocks, cryptocurrencies, property and even themselves (education, capital for a business) in the hopes of generating returns. 

What's the difference between saving and investing?

The biggest difference between the two is the varying returns you can earn. Saving money in a bank account typically provides returns of 0.5 - 0.8%, while the return potential on cryptocurrencies and stock is much greater.

The other main difference between saving and investing is the risk. So, while earning higher returns on investments might sound much more appealing, the risk is usually greater. Savings accounts carry minimal risk and are usually insured while investment portfolios will rise and fall with the market and are only insured if the investment company fails. Investors should balance the options and establish which risk level they are comfortable with.

In light of these risks, savings are recommended for short term goals while investments cater better to long term financial objectives. This is because long term investments will ride out the ebb and flow of markets and recover even if there is a drop over a certain period. Savings on the other hand are more easily accessible and won't be "interrupted" if the funds are used for an emergency. 

However, savings are also susceptible to inflation as the interest rates are seldom higher than the inflation rates. For example, if your bank is offering a 0.6% interest on your savings account and inflation rose 2%, your savings would have actually decreased in value. Investing typically beats inflation.

The similarities between savings and investing

As both tools are excellent at building and creating more wealth, there are bound to be similarities between the two.

The main similarity between the two is that both options are best started now, whether you're in them for the long or short term benefits. This is due to compounding. Compounding is the process where the interest you earn on an investment or savings account is continuously reinvested, increasing the base sum each period. 

For example, if you put $1,000 into a compounding savings account and earned 2% interest each year. The next year you will be earning 2% interest on the lump sum plus the interest earned, $1,020. The next year you would earn $1,020.40 ($1,020 interest earned, $20.40). This doesn't sound like too much, but over a ten-year period, you would have amassed $219.20 without having done a thing. 

Before you get started

Before getting started on either of these options, ensure that you have a positive cash flow and are debt-free. You'll also need to establish what your risk tolerance is, your short term and long term financial requirements, and when you would like to access the money.

If you don't have one already, you'll want to establish an Emergency Fund that can cover your living expenses for 3 - 6 months. Should you lose your job you can then fall back on this loan and not have to rely on credit cards with high-interest rates. 

Experts also recommend setting up a retirement fund, with automated monthly contributions. Once your emergency and retirement funds are established, you can consider a short term savings account or long term investment, or both. 

Pros and cons of saving and investing

Below we highlight the pros and cons of both tools:

Saving

Pro: Money is accessible and can easily be withdrawn.

Pro: Exempt from market volatility.

Con: Cannot leverage on market gains (potentially missing out on large compound interest benefits).

Con: Susceptible to inflation.

Investing

Pro: Longer time frames allow for favourable compounding interest.

Pro: Could tap into large market gains. 

Con: Exposed to more risk as markets are susceptible to drops.

Con: May incur a penalty if the money is withdrawn too soon. 

The bottom line

Both savings and investment options carry their own set of risks and rewards and it's ultimately best for you to speak to a financial adviser who is able to provide you with calculated professional advice. 

Disclaimer: This article is intended for communication purposes only, you should not consider any such information, opinions or other material as financial advice. The information herein does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation to purchase/invest in any assets and is not to be taken as a recommendation that any particular investment or trading approach is appropriate for any specific person. There is a possibility of risk in investing as investors are exposed to fluctuations in all markets. This communication should be read in conjunction with Tap's Terms and Conditions.

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Whether dissecting crypto or fiat currencies, the foundations remain the same: the currency must serve as a store of value and function as a medium of exchange for goods and services. While both these currency options tick those boxes, cryptocurrencies tend to also be followed by a dark cloud of volatility in the financial sector. 

Market volatility is a natural byproduct of a developing market, however, it can also cause many losses if not managed correctly. When the crypto markets go through high levels of market volatility they tend to get discredited with being a viable payment option. After paying withness to the Bitcoin market swings, several individuals recognised this flaw in the digital currency space and created a solution, "the stablecoin". 

In this article we establish what is a stablecoin is, how it fits into the financial landscape and explore the pros and cons of these digital currencies.

What Is A Stablecoin?

Stablecoins are digital currencies that harness the benefits of being a decentralized, blockchain-operated currency without volatility. Backed by any currency or commodity, stablecoins are pegged to the value of their underlying asset and managed and secured by their relevant platforms. For instance, Tether is pegged to the US dollar while Tether Gold is pegged to the price of gold and Tether EURt is backed by the Euro. 

These currencies operate like any other cryptocurrency, using blockchain technology to maintain and operate the network, but do not fluctuate in value based on supply and demand. Rather the price remains consistent with the asset it is pegged to, providing a better tool for digital payment transactions.

How Do Stablecoins Maintain Their Price?

While we've established that stablecoins are pegged to a commodity and reflect that price, let's cover how exactly that is achieved. Using fiat-backed stablecoins as examples, the companies behind these coins are required to hold a US dollar equivalent for each coin in circulation (or Euro if the stablecoin is pegged to it). 

These funds, also referred to as reserves, are either held in bank accounts or can be a combination of cash and short-term U.S. Treasury bonds. Most of the companies issuing stablecoins conduct third-party audits to prove that their reserves are at the correct levels and release this information to assure users that their coins are always worth $1 (or the currency-backed equivalent). 

Why Have Stablecoins Become so Popular?

The first stablecoin to enter the market was Tether in 2014, pegged to the US dollar. Tether is currently the third-largest cryptocurrency based on market capitalization, illustrating its vast popularity. The second biggest stablecoin currently on the market is USD Coin, also backed by the US dollar, which sits in the top 5 biggest cryptocurrencies with an equally impressive trade volume. Both these coins have provided valuable talking points within the industry as their market caps and adoption increase and they climb the ranks of the biggest cryptocurrencies.

Due to their resistance towards volatility, stablecoins have increased in popularity and are more widely used for conducting business around the world and executing cross border payments.

The Pros Of Stablecoins

Stablecoins are popular options for both businesses and individuals conducting business across borders. Below we outline the top benefits that stablecoins present to the market:

Digital Currency

The obvious first benefit of stablecoins is that they are maintained by blockchain technology and able to conduct international transactions in a much shorter time frame and for less cost than fiat currencies. The fast settlement times make these currencies an excellent, cross-border medium of exchange. They are also easy to use as they operate from wallets in similar ways to traditional cryptocurrencies.

Zero Volatility

Due to the nature of stablecoins being pegged to a fiat currency or commodity, they typically experience little to no high volatility trading periods resulting in a more reliable currency with the benefits of blockchain technology. Pertinent to increasing its adoption.

Hedge Against Failing Markets

Stablecoins have become increasingly popular for traders to hedge against other cryptocurrencies when markets experience a decline in price. Stablecoins allow traders to quickly liquidate their digital assets and easily reenter the market when the price stabilizes. 

The Cons Of Stablecoins

Centralisation

While blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies celebrate the notion of being decentralised, stablecoins do bring in a nature of centralisation, particularly when it comes to the backing of the assets. Ensuring that each coin in circulation is backed by an equal reserve value requires a team that leans the operation more toward a centralized structure.

Transparency

Several stablecoins have been called out publicly for not being transparent with their reserves. Tether, for example, has seen much public outcry concerning whether the company has the correct amount of reserves, leading to fines and regulations imposed by the US government. They have since released a report on the current reserve holdings of the company. 

In Conclusion

Many traders have incorporated stablecoins into their portfolios, to have as a hedge against falling crypto markets or falling fiat markets. These digital assets are also used by businesses around the world to conduct payments with the benefits of digital currencies and without the risk of volatility. Through the Tap app, users can now access and purchase USD Coin (USDC) as well as Tether (USDT). The sleek design of the app interface makes it easy for users who want to buy or sell cryptocurrencies with fiat currency through their phones in a click. 

When it comes to choosing a stablecoin, consider the projects behind it, the liquidity and the ease of use in terms of wallet compatibility.

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In this article, we’re guiding you through the intricacies of the e-money licence: what it means, who needs one and of course, how it affects you, the consumer. This new wave of regulation has been put into place to not only safeguard the consumer but also to put measures in place to identify and stop fraudulent activity. 

What Is Electronic Money (E-money)?

Before we dive into the licencing requirements, let us first take a look at what electronic money is defined as. Essentially, e-money is a digital version of cash. It maintains a monetary value that can be used to make payments and various transactions, typically over the internet, or through a phone or card. 

E-money products are either software-based or hardware-based and are responsible for electronically storing the monetary value. Software-based products are used on computers and tablets and require an internet connection (like PayPal for example) while hardware-based products encompass cards that have a chip card and do not require an online connection (for example, Square). ‍

What Is An E-money Licence? 

The e-money licence is a regulatory licence that authorises an electronic money institution (EMI) to conduct business. EMIs represent the digitisation of financial services and are authorized to issue money as well as provide payment cards, e-wallets, and IBAN accounts. While banks may provide a similar service, they require an alternative licence as they are able to provide a greater range of services.

 In a nutshell, an EMI is considered as such if it engages in the issuing and redeeming of electronic money (e-money), cash withdrawal, deposit and payment services, remittance services, debit or credit transfers, payment initiation and execution services, and account information services. They may conduct these services only if they have the proper licensing.‍

How Does It Protect The Consumer?

While regulation and consumer protection are the driving force behind e-money licences, there are also several other reasons as to why the regulatory framework has been put into place. The licence is designed to provide businesses with the opportunity to gain access to the e-money market, to facilitate innovation in secure e-money services, and to build healthy competition in a secure market. 

E-money licences are obtained to safeguard a consumer’s funds should the EMI become insolvent. This operates in an entirely different manner to a banking licence. Under the proper regulation, EMI’s can choose to do either of the following options to safeguard consumer funds (funds provided by customers in exchange for the issuance of e-money):

• deposit the funds into a segregated client’s funds account with an authorised credit institution, or
• acquire insurance that will cover the risks associated with the client’s funds.

This ensures that the consumer is always protected against loss of funds, and will be compensated accordingly should the situation present itself. It is imperative that consumers only choose EMIs with the correct e-money licences. 

How Much Money Is Protected With The E-Money Licence? 

According to the FCA regulations, the EMI is responsible for establishing the appropriate organisational arrangements to ensure that the safeguarded funds are at all times protected. 

As mentioned above, this can be done by either storing the deposited customer funds in a separate account (different from the institution’s working capital and other funds) or by ensuring that they are covered by an appropriate insurance policy or comparable guarantee. 

While licenced banks work in conjunction with the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) and only insure users up to ￡85,000, EMIs are required to protect 100% of the consumers’ funds. 

According to the licence, EMIs are required to safeguard all funds deposited on the platform and not just a portion as per the licence required by the banks. 

While EMIs take several other precautions to protect consumer funds, the e-money licence ensures that the most fundamental legal requirements are met, granting the company the right to legally operate.  

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Cryptocurrencies derive their value from supply and demand, with the buyers and sellers playing an enormous role in the market's liquidity, and ultimately, success. This rings true for stocks, commodities and forex markets too, essentially any asset markets with trading volumes.

Anyone participating in these markets will have been a maker or a taker at some stage, most likely, both. In this article, we're breaking down the concept of makers vs takers, exploring their vital role in the market and large quantities of these result in stronger exchanges. 

Liquidity Explained

Before we dive in, let's first cover an important concept: liquidity. Assets can sometimes be described as liquid or illiquid, this simply refers to how easily the asset can sell. Gold is a prime example of a liquid asset as anyone could easily trade it for cash without any hassle, while a glass statue of your neighbour's cat would be an illiquid asset as the chances of anyone wanting to own it are slim (except for the neighbour, maybe). 

Building on this, market liquidity indicates how liquid a market is. A liquid market means that the asset is in high demand, traders are actively looking to acquire the asset, while also having a high supply, meaning that traders are actively looking to offload the asset. An illiquid market then means that there is low supply and demand, making it difficult to buy or sell the asset for a fair price.

In a liquid market where there are many traders looking to buy and sell an asset, the sell order (ask price) tends to be in the same region as the buy order (buy price). Typically, the lowest sell order will be the same as the highest buy order, creating a tight buy-ask spread. 

Now that we've covered liquidity, it's time for makers vs takers. 

What Is The Difference Between Market Makers And Market Takers?

As mentioned above, any successful exchange requires a fair amount of makers and takers. Let's explore the difference between the two below. 

Market Makers

Exchanges typically use an order book to conduct trades. The order book will store offers to buy and sell as they come in, and execute the trades when the criteria are met, i.e. someone could create an offer that says when Bitcoin reaches $40,000, buy 4. When the BTC price reaches $40,000, the order book with automatically execute this trade. 

In this case, the person creating this buy order is known as a maker. They are essentially "making" the market by announcing their intentions ahead of time via the order book. While many retail investors are makers, the field is typically made up of big traders and high-frequency trading institutions. 

A market maker is a liquidity provider. ‍

Market Takers

Market takers are then liquidity "takers", removing liquidity from the market. Takers create market orders that indicate to the exchange that the trader wants to buy or sell at the current market price. The exchange will then automatically execute the trade using a maker's offer.

A taker is a trader filling someone else's order. Market makers create offers for the order book, making it easier for users to buy and sell, while market takers exercise this liquidity by buying the asset. 

What Are Maker-Taker Fees?

You might have heard of maker-taker fees before, this makes up a considerable amount of how exchanges generate an income (after all, exchanges are businesses that need to make money). When an exchange matches a maker and a taker, they will take a small fee for the efforts on their part. This fee will differ from exchange to exchange, and will also be dependent on how big of a trade it is. 

As makers are providing liquidity to the exchange (an enticing attribute for any trading platform) they will pay lower fees compared to a trader taking away from the platform's liquidity. Always be sure to check the fee structure and pricing on a platform before engaging in any trading activity, these will be outlined in the platform's trading policy.

How Do Trading Companies Make Money?

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology was designed to provide a decentralized financial system that bypasses government control. However, to alleviate regulatory concerns, exchanges were established to provide a reliable and convenient means of operating within the crypto markets. These exchanges provide a secure way in which users can buy, sell and trade cryptocurrencies, and in return make money through the activities of its customers as it is a business after all.

While maker and taker fees make up a large portion of how a platform generates an income, the business also generates income through deposit and withdrawal fees, commissions made on trades and listing fees. These typically make up the cost of production and running the business.

In Conclusion

Market makers contribute to the market's liquidity by creating orders looking to be filled, while market takers fill these orders. Makers are typically rewarded for bringing liquidity to a platform with low maker fees, while takers pay higher fees when they make use of this liquidity, easily buying and selling the asset.